6 – Pain Measurement Flashcards
1
Q
Physiological indicators of pain
A
- Related to activation of SNS
- Increased HR, RR, BP, T, pupil dilation
- Increased biomarkers: beta-endorphin
*unreliable and not specific to pain (influenced by other factors: anxiety, stress, fear)
2
Q
Pain indicators
A
- Behaviour
- Posture
- Facial expression
3
Q
Practical subject approach: observing patient
A
- Without interaction
o Orientation in cage, posture, activity level, facial expression, attitude - While interacting
- Response to palpation of painful site
4
Q
Interacting with patient
A
- Call by name
- Stroke along back from head to tail
- Appropriate response?
- Tense?
- Anxious?
- Indifferent?
5
Q
Response to palpation of painful area
A
- No reaction to touch, but vocalizes/tenses with pressure
- Looking at area
- Withdraws
- Defensive by protecting area
- Withdraws fast, vocalizes, bites
- Freezing, gets rigid
6
Q
Challenges of pain assessment in animals
A
- Use of proxy (ex. DVM or owner: not the animal itself)
- Variant in pain response: age, species, individual
- Environmental or situational stressors (may mask pain)
- Different types of pain (ex. acute vs. chronic)
7
Q
Fearful vs. painful animals
A
- Fearful will probably still look at you
8
Q
Developing a pain assessment tool
A
- User friendly
- Score linked to an INTERVENTION level
- Valid
- Reliable
- Responsive
9
Q
Use of pain assessment tool?
A
- Increases objectivity and accuracy
- Improve consistency of pain recognition
- Assess response to treatment
- Ensure pain is PRIORITIZED
- Quantify pain
*NEED AN OUTCOME MEASURE
10
Q
Preventive (pre-emptive) scoring system
A
- Score assigned according to level of pain that they are BELIEVED to experience
o none, mild, moderate, severe - not useful to treat individual patient
- simple to use
- allows preventative analgesic planning
11
Q
Anticipated levels of pain: mild
A
- early, resolving simple conditions
12
Q
Anticipated levels of pain: mild to moderate
A
- castration
- minor dental procedures
13
Q
Anticipated levels of pain: moderate
A
- urethral obstruction
- C-section
14
Q
Anticipated levels of pain: moderate to severe
A
- Osteoarthritis
- Peritonitis
- Ureteral, urethral obstruction
15
Q
Anticipated levels of pain: severe to excruciating
A
- Multiple factors
- Limp amputation
- Necrotizing pancreatitis