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Chemistry > 6. organic chemistry 1 > Flashcards

6. organic chemistry 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a hydrocarbon

A

compounds that only contain hydrogen and carbon

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2
Q

what is nomeclature

A

the set of rules about how organic compounds are named and how their formulas are represented

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3
Q

what is empirical formula

A

the simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in a compound

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4
Q

what is molecular formula

A

the true number of atoms of each element in a compound

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5
Q

what is general formula

A

all members of a homologous organic series follow a general formula.
for example:
alkanes general formula is CnH2n+2

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6
Q

what is structural formula

A

shows the arrangement of atoms within a molecule

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7
Q

what is displayed formula

A

shows every atom and every bond in an organic compound

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8
Q

what is skeletal formula

A

shows only bonds in a compound and any non carbon atoms.
each corner is a carbon atom and is it assumed hydrogens are bonded to them unless stated otherwise.

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9
Q

what is a homologous series

A

organic compounds that follow a general formula and react in similar ways. each consecutive member differs by CH2

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10
Q

what happens to boiling points as the length of organic compound chains increases

A

it increases

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11
Q

what is a function group

A

a group of atoms in a compound that allow molecules to be recognised as being able to react in a certain way because of their group

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12
Q

what is the function group of an alcohol and its IUPAC ending

A

-OH
ending: -ol

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13
Q

what is the function group of an phenol and its IUPAC ending

A

OH group off of a benzene ring
ending: phenol

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14
Q

what is the function group of an ether and its IUPAC ending

A

an oxygen group attached to a carbon and another atom
ending: ether

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15
Q

what is the function group of an aldehyde and its IUPAC ending

A

carbon double bonded to an oxygen and single bonded to a hydrogen
ending: - al

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16
Q

what is the function group of an ketone and its IUPAC ending

A

carbon double bonded to an oxygen and single bonded to another atom
ending: -one

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17
Q

what is the function group of a carboxylic acid and its IUPAC ending

A

carbon double bonded to an oxygen and single bonded to a OH group
ending: - oic acid

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18
Q

what is the function group of an ester and its IUPAC ending

A

carbon double bonded to an oxygen and single bonded to an oxygen thats bonded to another atom
ending : - ate

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19
Q

suffix of an alkane

A

-ane

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20
Q

suffix of an alkene

A
  • ene
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21
Q

suffix of an alcohol

A

-ol

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22
Q

suffix of a carboxylic acid

A

-oic acid

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23
Q

suffix of a ketone

A

-one

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24
Q

suffix of an aldehyde

A

-al

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25
Q

suffix of an ester

A

-ate

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26
Q

suffix of an amine

A

-amine

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27
Q

prefix of fluorine functional group

A

fluoro-

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28
Q

prefix of chlorine functional group

A

chloro-

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29
Q

prefix of bromine functional group

A

bromo-

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30
Q

prefix of iodine functional group

A

iodo-

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31
Q

what is an addition reaction

A

the reactants combine to form a single product

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32
Q

what is a substitution reaction

A

one functional group is replaced by a different functional group

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33
Q

what is an oxidation reaction

A

a species loses at least one electron and is oxidised

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34
Q

what is a reduction reaction

A

a species gains at least one electron and is reduced

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35
Q

what is a polymerisation reaction

A

a reaction where monomers join together to form a long repeating molecule called a polymer

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36
Q

what do mechanisms show

A

movement of electrons

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37
Q

what are isomers

A

molecules with the same molecular formula but a different arrangement of atoms within the molecule

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38
Q

what are structural isomers

A

isomers that have the same molecular formula but a different structural arrangement of atoms. they can be straight chained or branched chains but will have the same molecular formula

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39
Q

what is a position isomer

A

isomers which have the functional group in a different position on the carbon chain

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40
Q

what is a functional group isomer

A

they have the same molecular formula but the molecules have a different functional group

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41
Q

what is stereoisomerism

A

they have the same structural formula but a different spatial arrangement of the atoms and bonds

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42
Q

what is E-Z isomerism

A

a type of stereoisomerisms that occurs due to the limited rotation around a double carbon bond.

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43
Q

what is an E isomer

A

where the same group is diagonally opposite the other

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44
Q

what is a Z isomer

A

where the same group are both either above or below the central atoms

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45
Q

what is the Cahn-Ingold-Prelog priority rules

A

the priority of different groups in molecules that can display E-Z isomerism.
the group on each side of the double bond with the higher Mr is given the higher priority.

46
Q

how do cis-trans isomers differ from E-Z isomers

A

cis-trans isomers can only be used when there are hydrogen atoms to compare the two other groups to.

47
Q

what is an alkane

A

a saturated hydrocarbon consisting of only single bonds and general formula: CnH2n+2

48
Q

what is crude oil

A

a mixture of different hydrocarbons

49
Q

how can crude oil be separated

A

using fractional distillation as the chain lengths of molecules are different and result in them having different boiling boils

50
Q

how is crude oil separated:
1
2
3

A
  1. the mixture is vapourised and fed into the fractioning column
  2. vapours rise, cools and condense
  3. products are siphoned off for different uses.
51
Q

where do short chain hydrocarbons end up in the fractioning column

A

at the top as they have lower boiling points so they rise higher up

52
Q

where do long chain hydrocarbons end up in the fractioning column

A

at the bottom as they have higher boiling points so they dont rise as much.

53
Q

what is cracking

A

breaking down longer chain hydrocarbons into smaller chain ones.

54
Q

what is thermal cracking

A

cracking using high temperature and pressures to produce alkanes and alkenes. the reaction always forms an alkane and the remaining atoms form atleast 1 alkene

55
Q

what is catalytic cracking

A

produced aromatic compounds with carbon rings. lower temperatures and normal pressures are used but a zeolite catalyst is needed to compensate for the lower conditions.

56
Q

combustion of alkanes products

A

complete combustion with oxygen - carbon dioxide and water

incomplete combustion- carbon monoxide and water

by products-oxides, nitrogen and sulfur.

57
Q

dangers of oxides as a byproduct of alkane combustion

A

in clouds the oxides react with water and form dilute acids which result in acid rain

58
Q

how can oxides, nitrogen and sulfur be removed from the systems

A

using a catalytic converter with a rhodium catalyst

59
Q

what is a biofuel

A

an alternative sustainable fuel source that produces and releases fewer, less harmful products when burned

60
Q

why are biofuels used

A

the combustion of fossil fuels produces greenhouse gas cause global warming and contributing the climate change

61
Q

example of a biofuel, how its produced and its properties

A

ethanol
produced by fermentation, enzymes break down starch from crops into sugar that can be fermented to form ethanol
it is carbon neutral as the carbon given out when burned it equal to the carbon take in by the crops during the growing process

62
Q

how do alkanes react with halogens

A

in the presence of UV light to produce halogenoalkanes.

63
Q

what are the three steps of free radical substitution for the chlorination of alkanes

A
  1. initiation - the halogen is broken down in the presence of UV light
    CL2 -> 2Cl *
  2. propagation - a hydrogen is replaced and the Cl* radical is reformed as a catalyst
    Cl* + CH4 -> *CH3 + HCl
    CH3 + Cl2 -> CH3Cl + Cl
  3. termination - two radicals join to end the chain reaction and form a stable product
    *CH3 + * CH3 -> C2H6
64
Q

what is an alkene

A

an unsaturated hydrocarbon with at least one carbon- carbon double bond. have the general formula C2H2n

65
Q

what is the carbon double bond an area of

A

high electron density

66
Q

what bonds does the carbon double bond have

A

a normal covalent sigma bond and a pi bond

67
Q

what can be used to identify an alkene double bond

A

bromine water as alkenes cause it to change colour from orange/brown to colourless.
this is because the double bond can open up to accept bromine atoms and become saturated.

68
Q

are alkenes reaction

A

yes as the carbon double bond can open to form single bonds to other atoms

69
Q

how to alkenes form alkanes

A

electrophilic addition with hydrogen. the C=C bond opens to form single bonds to each of the hydrogen atoms.
this requires a nickel catalyst.
can also be called a hydrogenation reaction.

70
Q

how do alkenes react to form di-substituted halogenoalkanes

A

addition reaction with form halogens.

71
Q

how do alkenes react to form mono-substituted halogenoalkanes

A

addition reaction with with hydrogen halides

72
Q

how do alkenes react to form alcohols

A

addition reaction with steam
requires an acid catalyst e.g. phosphoric acid

73
Q

how do alkenes react to form diols

A

oxidation with cold dilute acidified potassium manganate

74
Q

what is electrophilic addition

A

a reaction mechanism that shows how electrophiles attack the double bond in alkenes.

75
Q

what is an electrophile

A

electron acceptor that is attracted to areas of high electron density

76
Q

what are addition polymers

A

produces from alkenes where the double bond is broken to form a repeating unit.

77
Q

what are polymers

A

unreactive hydrocarbon chains with multiple strong, non polar covalent bonds which makes them useful for everyday products such as poly(ethene) shopping bags.
they are non biodegradable as addition polymers are unreactive.

78
Q

how are polymers disposed of

A

as they are non biodegradable some are recycles, some are used as feedstock for cracking and some are incinerated however this produces toxic gases

79
Q

how are halogenoalkanes polar

A

the halogens are more electronegative than the carbon atom. this means electron density is drawn towards the halogen forming positive and negative regions.

80
Q

what are primary secondary and tertiary halogenoalkanes

A

primary - 1 alkanes group
secondary - 2 alkane groups
tertiary - 3 alkanes groups

81
Q

how do halogenoalkanes produce alcohols

A

react with aqueous potassium hydroxide in a nucleophilic substitution

82
Q

how do halogenoalkanes produce alkenes

A

react with ethanolic potassium hydroxide to produce alkenes in an elimination reaction

83
Q

how do halogenoalkanes undergo hydrolysis

A

broken down with aqueous silver nitrate and ethanol.
the water acts as a nucleophile to break down the halogenoalkane releasing halide ions that react with silver ions to form silver precipitates.

84
Q

how do halogenoalkanes produce amines

A

react with alcoholic ammonia to form amines in nucleophilic substitution

85
Q

how do halogenoalkanes produce nitriles

A

react with alcoholic potassium cyanide in nucleophilic substitution

86
Q

what is nucleophilic substitution

A

reaction mechanism that shows how nucleophiles attack halogenoalkanes.

87
Q

what is a nucleophile

A

species containing a lone pair of electrons that is attracted to positive regions of molecules

88
Q

can nucleophilic substitution occur for primary halogenoalkanes

A

yes

89
Q

can nucleophilic substitution occur for secondary halogenoalkanes

A

yes

90
Q

can nucleophilic substitution occur for tertiary halogenoalkanes

A

no

91
Q

how can alcohols be produced

A

hydration and fermentation

92
Q

what is a primary alcohol

A

alcohol connected to 2 hydrogens

93
Q

what is a secondary alcohol

A

alcohol connected to 1 hydrogen

94
Q

what is a tertiary alcohol

A

alcohol connected to no hydrogens

95
Q

what is hydration

A

produced alcohols from alkenes in the presence of an acid catalyst e.g. phosphoric acid.
it occurs in aqueous conditions at 300 degrees under high pressures

96
Q

what is fermentation

A

enzymes break down starch in crops to sugars which are fermented to form alcohols

97
Q

alcohols combust in oxygen to form

A

carbon dioxide and water

98
Q

how do alcohols react to form a halogenoalkane

A

react with halogenating agents via nucleophilic substitution

99
Q

how to test for alcohols

A

react with PCl5 to produce a chloroalkanes which produces white steamy fumes that turn damp blue litmus paper red

100
Q

how can alkenes be formed from alcohols

A

dehydration of alcohols where water is removed. concentrated phosphoric acid must be added as a reagent

101
Q

how are aldehydes produced from primary alcohols

A

heated in the presence of acidified potassium dichromate.
get oxidised to aldehydes
distillation is required to separate the aldehyde product

102
Q

how do primary alcohols produce carboxylic acids

A

heated under reflux where they oxidise further to carboxylic acids

103
Q

how do secondary alcohols produce ketones

A

oxidised in the presence of acidified potassium dichromate

104
Q

what is used to test the oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols

A

acidifies potassium dichromate goes from orange to green

105
Q

how to test for aldehydes

A

benedicts solution.
add a few drops and gently warm the tube
if aldehyde is present red precipitate is formed
if aldehyde is not present the solution will remain blue

106
Q

what is heating under reflux

A

continually heating the contents of the flask to allow reactions to occur.
a condenser helps to ensure the vapours condense and return to the flask for further heating.

107
Q

what is a separating funnel used for

A

separating two mixtures with different densities

108
Q

what is distillation used for

A

separating mixtures with different boiling points

109
Q

what is drying

A

addition of an anhydrous salt to absorb moisture

110
Q

what is boiling point determination

A

way of testing the purity of a sample. substance is packed into a thiele tube which has an inverted capillary tube then inserting it into a boiling point determination apparatus

111
Q
A

Chemistry (14 decks)

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