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Year 3 - Pharmaceutical Analysis > 6 - Nicotine > Flashcards

6 - Nicotine Flashcards

1
Q

What receptors does nicotine bind to and where? What effects does it have?

A
  • Binds stereo-selectively to nicotinic-cholinergic receptors in the brain
  • Has stimulating (low doses) and rewarding (high doses) effects
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2
Q

How much nicotine do cigarettes contain and how much is absorbed?

A
  • Contain 8-20 mg

- 1 mg is absorbed

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3
Q

How is nicotine absorbed from the patches and gum? Describe it

A
  • Drug diffusion
  • Passive process to achieve controlled delivery
  • Transfer of molecules of a substance along a concentration gradient
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4
Q

Passage through a barrier occurs by ____ (example ____)

A
  • Occurs by permeation or through pores

- Ex: polymeric matrix in the patch

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5
Q

Describe Fick’s law

A
  • Correlates amount of material going through a barrier with time and speed
  • Diffusion occurs in the direction of decreasing concentration
  • Diffusion coefficient changes at higher concentrations and is affected by temp, pressure, and solvent properties
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6
Q

What happens at the beginning of diffusion? What does this correlate with?

A
  • Molecules move from high to low concentration until they reach steady state (flux becomes constant)
  • Ability to reach this release rate decides how fast the drug is absorbed across the skin and how long Css is maintained
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7
Q

What is chromatography used for?

A
  • Quality control

- Research

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8
Q

Examples of chromatography

A
  • Paper
  • Thin-layer
  • Gas
  • High-performance liquid
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9
Q

Describe chromatography

A
  • Procedure by which a solute is separated by a migration process in a system of 2 or more phases
  • One phase moves continuously in 1 direction (mobile) and substances show differences in mobility based on adsorption, partition, solubility, vapor pressure, MW, and charge in stationary phase
  • Mobile phase transfers solute through medium until constituents are eluted
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10
Q

Is chromatography useful for qualitative or quantitative analysis?

A

Both

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11
Q

___ chromatography is best for separation of individual components

A

Column

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12
Q

Which chromatography types allow for precise quantitative measurement?

A

HPLC and gas

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13
Q

Describe TLC

A
  • Finely powdered material applied to glass/ plastic/ metal plate and acts as open column
  • Micropipette used to spot the plate
  • Plate is placed in a developing chamber w/ solvent (mobile phase)
  • Can view the spots w/ reagent sprayer or UV light source
  • Observe spots of identical retention factor (Rf) values to compare to standards based on migration distances
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14
Q

Describe HPLC

A
  • Pumping system mixes mobile phase in the column and an injector introduces the samples
  • Analytes are separated and eluted on a column and recorded by a device
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15
Q

Describe the purpose of ferric ammonium sulfate

A
  • Ferric ammonium sulfate changes from gold to dark purple when it contacts sodium salicylate
  • Ferric ammonium sulfate added into gelatin base so we can observe colour change when sodium salicylate in various dosage forms contacts it
  • Used powder, 0.5 g dissolved in 1 mL water, 1.0 g dissolved in 1 mL water, and 1 g in lotion
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16
Q

What was the nicotine gum mixed with? Where was the aliquot taken from?

A
  • 50 mL hexane and 50 mL solvent

- Aliquot taken from lower layer (hexane portion?)

17
Q

How do you calculate Rf value?

A

Distance test or standard travelled from its origin (cm) / distance solvent travelled (cm)

18
Q

What was used in the developing solvent for the TLC?

A

Chloroform, acetone, and diethylamine

19
Q

Describe the methods for TLC

A
  • Weigh one piece of gum and cut
  • Transfer 2 mg to centrifuge tube and add chloroform
  • Vortex for 15 min to dissolve and centrifuge for 10 min
  • Cool in ice bath and add HCl; shake and centrifuge again
  • Transfer upper layer to separatory funnel and adjust w/ NaOH to pH > 10
  • Add chloroform, shake, and use chloroform layer as test solution
20
Q

Drug absorption through a biological membrane relies on ____

A

Passive drug diffusion along a concentration gradient

21
Q

What is diffusion?

A
  • Process of mass transfer of individual molecules brought about by random molecular motion and associated w/ a concentration gradient
  • Passage of matter through a barrier may occur by simple molecular permeation or movement through pores and channels
22
Q

Which types of chromatography are best for substance identification and why?

A
  • Paper and thin-layer

- Assay convenience and simplicity

23
Q

What are the components of a TLC assay?

A
  • Plate (stationary phase) that is coated w/ adsorbent material
  • Developing chamber and developing solvent (mobile phase) that separates components to be analyzed
  • Micropipette to deliver samples to the plate
  • Reagent sprayer that emits a fine spray of chemical reagents to reveal the spots
  • UV light source to visualize the spots
24
Q

Components of an HPLC system

A
  • Pumping system that mixes and delivers mobile phase to the column
  • Injector that introduces samples to the system
  • Column on which analytes are separated and eluted
  • Detector that quantitatively determines analytical interests
  • Data collection device that records and compares the chromatographic results
25
Q

Why do we put nicotine in an ice bath?

A

Nicotine is volatile, so adding acids can increase heat and cause nicotine to explode

Year 3 - Pharmaceutical Analysis (8 decks)

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