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WCS > 6. MSK 3 Pelvic girdle, Lumbago, Hip Pain > Flashcards

6. MSK 3 Pelvic girdle, Lumbago, Hip Pain Flashcards

1
Q

What is the association between relaxin levels and pregnancy-related pelvic girdle pain (PPGP)?

A

The association between PPGP and relaxin levels was found to be low.

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2
Q

What roles and which pelvic ligaments play in pelvic stabilization?

A

Pelvic ligaments, such as the long dorsal, iliolumbar, and sacrotuberous, prevent excessive nutation and counternutation.

Sacrospinous an dtuberous help provide proprioceptive feedback

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3
Q

Which active structures contribute to pelvic stabilization?

A

Active structures include gluteus maximus, erector spinae, biceps femoris, and thoracolumbar fascia.

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4
Q

What is relaxin?

A

Relaxin is a peptide hormone of the insulin-like growth factor family.

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5
Q

When is relaxin secreted during pregnancy?

A

Relaxin is secreted from the corpus luteum and placenta from early pregnancy.

Hormone reaches considerable level during first trimester

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6
Q

What happens to relaxin levels during pregnancy?

A

Relaxin levels increase considerably during the first trimester and remain steady until late pregnancy.

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7
Q

When does relaxation of pelvic ligaments begin during pregnancy?

A

Relaxation of the pelvic ligaments begins at the tenth to twelfth week of pregnancy.

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8
Q

What were the findings regarding relaxin levels and PPGP in studies?

A

Four out of six studies (66%) did not find an association between levels of relaxin and PPGP.

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9
Q

What should be ruled out when classifying PPGP?

A

Low back or gynaecological symptoms should be ruled out.

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10
Q

What are the strongest risk factors for newly developed PPGP?

A

Prior histories of low back pain (LBP) or PPGP and strenuous work.

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11
Q

What is important in study selection for PPGP?

A

Controlling PPGP risk factors is important in study selection.

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12
Q

What is needed for future research on PPGP?

A

Future research should standardize assessment procedures for PPGP and uniformly control for stress and a history of LBP and PPGP in study design.

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13
Q

What consensus components were reached for the management of pregnancy related pelvic girdle pain according to the Aldabe 2022 study

A
  • Pain education, delivered with interview
  • postural and ergonomically advice, incorporate patient meaningful task
  • psychological factors,affects pain management, perception, and is related to poor clinical outcomes
  • social and lifestyle factors, can privide inight on pt. specific drivers of pain
  • cultural considerations
  • strengthening exercise, gluteals, abductors, add doctors abdominal musculature
  • Other exercise including motor control,
  • exercise percations- avoid painful exericse
  • manual therapy (with some agreement reached due to relief of pain mechanism)
  • Use of crutches for when symptom severity limits ambualtion
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14
Q

What is the impact of nonspecific LBP on postural control?

A

It affects anticipatory activation of deep muscles controlling lumbopelvic stability.

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15
Q

What does stronger anticipatory postural adjustment (APA) responses in lumbar spine muscles indicate?

A

It is associated with increased body sway and greater amplitude in center of pressure.

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16
Q

How does pain affect muscle activation during postural control?

A

Pain may cause a delay in activation of deep muscles.

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17
Q

Which muscles exhibit anticipatory changes in activation for individuals with pelvic girdle pain (PGP)?

A

Biceps femoris and gluteus maximus.

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18
Q

What were the findings regarding APA duration in the control group compared to pain groups?

A

Control group had longer APA duration than pain groups.

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19
Q

What were the differences in COP amplitudes between the control and pain groups?

A

Control group had higher COP amplitudes than pain groups.

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20
Q

Which group had longer muscle onset latency in specific muscles compared to controls?

A

Pain groups had longer muscle onset latency in external oblique and gluteus maximus.

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21
Q

Which group (PG pain or control ) exhibited further delays in muscle onset latency compared to controls?

A

The PGP group.

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22
Q

How did visual feedback (eyes open vs. eyes closed) affect APA duration within PG pain group and control?

A

All groups had increased APA duration with eyes closed, but only the control group was significant.

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23
Q

What was the significance of COP (ML) amplitude with eyes closed for the control group?

A

There was a significant increase in COP (ML) amplitude.

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24
Q

What was observed in the PGP group regarding COP (ML) amplitude with eyes closed?

A

There was a decrease in COP (ML) amplitude, but not statistically significant.

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25
Q

How did the COP (AP) compare between the PGP group and the control and LBP groups?

A

COP (AP) was lower in the PGP group compared to control and LBP groups.

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26
Q

What muscles showed longer muscle onset latency in the PGP group in different visual conditions?

A

Biceps femoris, external oblique, and multifidus in eyes closed; internal oblique in eyes open.

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27
Q

What were the overall differences in APA duration and COP amplitudes between pain groups and the control group?

A

Pain groups had shorter APA duration, lower COP amplitudes, and greater muscle onset delays.

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28
Q

What factors contribute to lower COP amplitude in pain patients?

A

Pain interfering with motor control, limiting velocity, force, and range of motion, as well as fear of movement.

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29
Q

What may cause sacroiliac joint instability and lead to LBP?

A

Mal-recruitment of glutes and hamstrings.

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30
Q

Which muscles are associated with global anticipatory postural control?

A

Transversus abdominis (TA) and internal oblique.

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31
Q

How is muscle activation latency scaled in relation to postural threat?

A

Latency is earlier with larger postural threats.

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32
Q

What is pelvic girdle pain (PGP)?

A

PGP is located under the PSIS, in the gluteals area, posterior thigh, and groin, specifically over the pubic symphysis. Pain may radiate in the posterior thigh.

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33
Q

List the risk factors for pelvic girdle pain.

A
  • Prior history of pregnancy
  • Orthopedic dysfunctions
  • Increased body mass index (BMI)
  • Smoking
  • Work dissatisfaction
  • Lack of belief in improvement of prognosis.
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34
Q

True or False: Postural changes are considered indicative of the development and/or intensity of PGP in the antepartum population.

A

Falsehould not consider postural changes as indicative of the development and/or intensity of PGP

Level B

relaxin and PGP dont have a corelation either

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35
Q

What are the two mechanisms for stabilization of the pelvis during load transfer?

A
  • Form closure
  • Force closure
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36
Q

At what gestational weeks does symphysis widening begin and what is the average width at full term?

A

Symphysis widening occurs as early as 8 to 10 weeks and increases to an average width of 7 mm at full term.

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37
Q

What factors should clinicians consider and determine clinical course when treating patients for potential persisting PGP?

A
  • Early onset
  • Multiple pain locations
  • High number of positive pelvic pain provocation tests (PPPTs)
  • Work dissatisfaction
  • Lack of belief in improvement.

strong moderate evidence

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38
Q

What are the four classification groups for pelvic girdle pain?

A
  • Pelvic girdle syndrome (PGS)
  • Symphysiolysis
  • One Sided SI syndrome
  • Double Sided SI syndrome

moderate evidence

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39
Q

What should be differentiated from the symptoms of PGP?

A
  • Signs and symptoms of serious disease
  • Psychological factors

level A should be differentiated from signs and symptoms of serious disease

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40
Q

List some red flags that require referral to a medical specialist.

A
  • Failure to achieve functional improvement
  • Pain that does not reduce with rest
  • Severe, disabling pain
  • History of trauma
  • Unexplained weight loss
  • History of cancer
  • Neurological symptoms/signs.
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41
Q

True or False: Imaging studies are strongly recommended for diagnosing PGP.

A

False

F rating

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42
Q

What self-reported outcome questionnaires should clinicians administer?

A
  • Disability Rating Index (DRI)
  • Oswestry Disability Index (ODI)
  • Pelvic Girdle Questionnaire (PGQ)
  • Fear-Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire (FABQ)
  • Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS)

level a

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43
Q

What is the highest rate of falls observed during pregnancy?

A

At 7 months, coinciding with the peak prevalence of PGP in the last trimester.

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44
Q

What are some tests with the strongest diagnostic accuracy for PGP?

A
  • Active Straight Leg Raise (ASLR) test
  • Thigh thrust
  • Lunge
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45
Q

What should clinicians consider regarding support belts for PGP?

A

Clinicians should consider the application of a support belt, but further research is needed on its initial application and effectiveness.

level D

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46
Q

Fill in the blank: Exercise and _______ have the same level of rating for intervention in PGP.

A

[support belts]

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47
Q

What does the Active Straight Leg Raise test measure?

A

Measurement of body structure impairment, specifically inability to stabilize.

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48
Q

What is the purpose of the Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS)?

A

Measurement of impairment of body function—pain catastrophic thoughts and behaviors.

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49
Q

True or False: There is strong evidence that spinal manipulation is harmful to the antepartum female.

A

False. Level C for mobs and manips

Little to no evidence of adverse effects and healthy anti-partum population. Level C

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50
Q

What was the overall quality of evidence regarding prenatal exercise and its effect on LBP, PGP, and LBPP during pregnancy?

A

‘Very low’ to ‘moderate’ quality evidence

Evidence was derived from a study involving 52,297 women.

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51
Q

Did prenatal exercise reduce the odds of LBP, PGP, or LBPP during pregnancy according to the systematic review?

A

No, it did not reduce the odds

This conclusion was based on various types of prenatal exercise including aerobic, yoga, and strengthening exercises.

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52
Q

What type of evidence supports the effectiveness of prenatal exercise in decreasing the severity of LBP, PGP, and LBPP during pregnancy?

A

‘Very low’ to ‘moderate’ quality evidence

This suggests that while the odds were not reduced, the severity of pain was alleviated.

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53
Q

What was the finding of one RCT regarding exercise during pregnancy decreasing severity of LBP in postpartum?

A

Exercise decreased the severity of LBP in the postpartum period

This finding was based on low-quality evidence.

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54
Q

What is the likelihood of developing recurrent pregnancy-related LBPP after experiencing it once?

A

85% greater likelihood

This highlights the importance of managing symptoms early.

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55
Q

How may exercise serve as a strategy for expecting mothers regarding pain management?

A

Cost effective, self-management strategy

It should be part of a multimodal approach to decrease symptom severity.

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56
Q

What are some proposed mechanisms through which exercise may reduce pain severity during pregnancy?

A
  • Lessens degree of biomechanical change
  • Decreases load on the spine
  • Increases joint stabilisation
  • Contributes to better spinal alignment and segmental motion

These mechanisms highlight the physiological benefits of exercise.

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57
Q

What potential effect does exercise have on trunk muscle balance during pregnancy?

A

Helps reverse trunk muscle imbalance

This could lead to improved functional stability.

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58
Q

What conclusion was drawn regarding the effectiveness of exercise initiated during pregnancy on the prevalence of LBP, PGP, or LBPP?

A

Not effective in decreasing prevalence

However, it was effective in decreasing severity during pregnancy with low evidnece And one study to support finding for postpartum.

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59
Q

What was a finding for patients with lower back pain who were prescribed PT as first line treatment

A

Found to later have significantly lower probability of having opioid prescription, advanced imaging and ED visits

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60
Q

Describe the involvement of pelvic floor in a lower back pain assessment

A

The public form increase its own activity and function to compensate for external musculoskeletal pain or mechanical stressors. Identifying pelvic floor myofascial pain on vaginal exam allows for non-pharmacologic treatment

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61
Q

What are common lower urinary tract symptoms (UF-LUTS)?

A

Urgency and frequency

UF-LUTS are not just limited to incontinence, which is typically the main outcome measured in studies.

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62
Q

How does PFMT involve the detrusor?

A

PFMT involves the contraction of pelvic floor muscles to inhibit detrusor contraction.

PFMT involves the contraction of pelvic floor muscles to inhibit detrusor contraction.

63
Q

What reflex does PFM training utilize?

A

PFMT involves the contraction of pelvic floor muscles to inhibit detrusor contraction through the Voluntary urinary inhibition reflex

64
Q

What must be understood before testing the assumption that PFM training is beneficial for women with UF-LUTS? Urgency frequency lower urinary tract symptoms

A

Whether UF-LUTS is associated with PFM weakness or poor endurance

65
Q

Why might PFM training not be effective for those with UF-LUTS?

A

Their pelvic floor muscles (PFMs) may be overactive rather than weak

Increased tonic activity of the PFMs can lead to muscle fatigue and poorer endurance.

66
Q

What role does hip muscle performance play in pelvic floor disorders?

A

It may be pertinent to pelvic floor muscles and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) due to the attachemtn of the obturator internus and its attachment

67
Q

Which muscle attaches to the pelvic floor muscles via the arcus tendineus fasciae pelvis?

A

Obturator internus

68
Q

What strength deficits were observed in participants with UF-LUTS?

A

Significantly less hip external rotation and abduction strength

69
Q

What does the study suggest about the force production capability in women with UF-LUTS?

A

It may not be the most important factor

Women with stress urinary incontinence did not have worse PFM strength than those without.

70
Q

What could indicate a subset of individuals who benefit from specific interventions?

A

Particular PFM-focused interventions. There may be also a subset of individuals who benefit from particular PFM focus interventions

71
Q

List the factors related to pelvic floor muscle performance.

A
  • Strength
  • Endurance
  • Power
  • Muscle tone
  • Coordination
  • Motor control
  • Flexibility
  • Myofascial pain
72
Q

What hormonal changes can affect the pelvis during pregnancy?

A

Hormonal changes can increase laxity in the pelvis.

73
Q

What may excessive laxity in the pelvis lead to during pregnancy?

A

It may lead to pain due to inadequate support from musculature.

74
Q

What did the study compaaring Education and exercise vs education alone find?

A

No significant difference between groups in pain for at most, at least or mean throughout 5 sessions. Benefits of both groups can be seen between 2nd trimester and 6 weeks Postpartum

75
Q

What must be differentiated from pelvic girdle pain (PGP)?

A

Lumbopelvic pain (LBP)

LBP and PGP have different characteristics and treatment approaches.

76
Q

What treatment effects did Acupuncture have during pregnancy?

A

Pain reduction and increased function. Acupuncture was as effective as a combination of stabilization training massage and stretching for pain regression postpartum

Acupuncture also improved the ability to work.

77
Q

How effective was acupuncture compared to other treatments postpartum?

A

As effective as a combination of stabilizing training, massage, and stretching

This indicates the potential efficacy of acupuncture in managing postpartum pain.

78
Q

What effect did the use of a belt/girdle have on PGP?

A

Decreased pain and disability

Higher levels of activity were also noted with the use of belts.

79
Q

What was the result of adding exercise to the use of a belt?

A

Showed no additional use

This indicates that belts alone may be sufficient in some cases.

80
Q

What combination of interventions was found to be more effective?

A

Group and/or individual physical exercises combined with massage, education, belt, and acupuncture

This highlights the importance of a multifaceted approach to treatment.

81
Q

What was insufficient as a standalone treatment for pregnanacy related lumbopelvic pain?

A

Education alone

Education needs to be combined with other interventions for better outcomes.

82
Q

What type of exercises had no negative effects for PLBP?

A

Stabilizing exercises

This suggests safety in recommending stabilizing exercises.

83
Q

What was difficult to claim regarding exercise for lumbopelvic pain?

A

Recomendation of a single exercise type, or its preventative benefits

This indicates variability in exercise effectiveness.

84
Q

How many studies found that pelvic floor muscle (PFM) could help with LBP prevention?

A

One study

This suggests potential benefits of PFM exercises in LBP management.

85
Q

What effect did water gymnastics have on pain intensity?

A

Reduced pain intensity and sick leave

However, it was not as applicable for PGP just LBP

86
Q

What was the level of evidence for postpartum individualized exercise programs?

A

Very limited

This indicates a need for more research in postpartum exercise efficacy.

87
Q

What evidence was found regarding home-based programs of specific stabilizing exercises?

A

No evidence to support their efficacy

This suggests caution when recommending home-based programs.

88
Q

What is the evidence regarding manual therapy for pregnancy-related lumbopelvic pain?

A

No evidence showing massage can prevent it

Mobilization has also not been studied.

89
Q

What was noted about TENS for pain management for PLBP?

A

Some help, but limited studies

This indicates a need for more thorough research on TENS.

90
Q

What is the evidence for yoga in treating lumbopelvic pain?

A

Very limited evidence

This suggests that more research is needed in this area.

91
Q

What was found regarding the efficacy of patient education combined with exercise for PLBP?

A

No evidence found

This indicates that education alone may not enhance exercise outcomes.

92
Q

What did the self-management intervention focus on for PLBP? Pregnancy Lumbo pelvic pain

A

Patient–therapist relationship, education, and encouraging an active lifestyle

This intervention showed small improvements in function at 12 weeks postpartum.

93
Q

What was the conclusion about changes over time in self-management interventions?

A

Changes were too small, so evidence is limited

Small improvement in function seen at 12 weeks postpartum

This suggests the need for larger studies to confirm findings.

94
Q

What can progressive muscle relaxation help with?

A

can help But only one study was found

This indicates that more research is needed for stronger conclusions.

95
Q

What treatments were supported by a strong level of evidence For pregnancy related Lumbo pelvic pain?

A

Acupuncture and pelvic belt treatments

These treatments have shown consistent effectiveness.

96
Q

What effect did different types of pelvic belts have on pregnancy related Lumbo pelvic pain?

A

Reduced pain intensity for women with lumbopelvic pain

This supports the use of pelvic belts as a treatment option.

97
Q

What type of belt was effective for women with symphyseal pain?

A

Rigid belt

This indicates the specific effectiveness of rigid belts.

98
Q

What type of belt was effective over the short term for women with PGP?

A

Non-rigid belt

This suggests that non-rigid belts may be a first treatment choice.

99
Q

What has accumulated evidence suggested regarding exercise therapy?

A

Exercises can reduce pain intensity and improve function

However, exercise types varied widely between studies, complicating recommendations.

100
Q

What are the risk factors for stress urinary incontinence (SUI)?

A
  • Elevated body mass index (BMI)
  • Pregnancy/postpartum
  • Higher parity
  • Vaginal delivery
101
Q

At what age is SUI reported in women?

A

15-39 years old

102
Q

What role do levator ani muscles play in incontinence control?

A

They contribute to continence by reducing downward movement of the bladder neck.

103
Q

What are some impairments of pelvic floor muscles (PFM) associated with SUI?

A
  • Limited endurance
  • Fewer quick repetitions in 10 seconds
  • Less vertical displacement
  • Decreased power
  • Delayed recruitment compared to women without SUI
104
Q

What impact does strengthening hip musculature have on pelvic floor muscle power in nulliparous women?

A

It improves PFM power and reduces leakage in those with SUI.

105
Q

How does hip abduction strength compare between women with SUI and healthy controls?

A

Hip abduction strength is statistically weaker in women with SUI.

106
Q

Was there a significant difference in hip external rotation strength between women with and without SUI?

A

No significant difference was found.

107
Q

What unique muscle activation pattern was observed in the obturator internus?

A

It generates more muscle activation with the hip extended compared to flexed.

108
Q

What was the only statistical difference found between the SUI group and the control group?

A

The SUI group was statistically older and had higher parity.

109
Q

What findings were noted regarding hip internal rotation (IR) angles in the SUI group?

A

Greater hip IR angles in prone on the non-dominant leg only.

110
Q

What does a reduced prone hip IR angle in the non-dominant leg indicate?

A

It may indicate relatively shorter hip external rotators.

111
Q

What is the relationship between the levator ani muscle and the obturator internus muscle?

A

The levator ani has a fascial connection to the obturator internus muscle.

112
Q

How might hip strengthening affect pelvic floor muscle contraction?

A

It has been shown to result in greater PFM contraction.

113
Q

What should treatment interventions for SUI be based on?

A

Specific impairments identified during a PFM and hip examination.

114
Q

Name the primary hip external rotators.

A
  • Gluteus maximus
  • Gemelli superior
  • Gemelli inferior
  • Quadratus femoris
115
Q

True or False: Muscle fiber length affects hip mobility and strength testing.

A

True

116
Q

What factors may predispose women with SUI to symptoms?

A
  • Greater IR angles in prone
  • Less flexible iliotibial band per Ober test
  • Greater number of tender points
  • Lesser seated hip ER force and side-lying hip abduction force
117
Q

What should patients with specific hip impairments undergo?

A

A thorough screening of SUI symptoms.

118
Q

What might improving hip strength testing outcomes reduce the likelihood of?

A

Incurring patellofemoral pain or an anterior cruciate ligament tear.

119
Q

What are the risk factors for stress urinary incontinence (SUI)?

A
  • Elevated body mass index (BMI)
  • Pregnancy/postpartum
  • Higher parity
  • Vaginal delivery
120
Q

At what age is SUI reported in women?

A

15-39 years old

121
Q

What role do levator ani muscles play in incontinence control?

A

They contribute to continence by reducing downward movement of the bladder neck.

122
Q

What are some impairments of pelvic floor muscles (PFM) associated with SUI?

A
  • Limited endurance
  • Fewer quick repetitions in 10 seconds
  • Less vertical displacement
  • Decreased power
  • Delayed recruitment compared to women without SUI
123
Q

What impact does strengthening hip musculature have on pelvic floor muscle power in nulliparous women?

A

It improves PFM power and reduces leakage in those with SUI.

124
Q

How does hip abduction strength compare between women with SUI and healthy controls?

A

Hip abduction strength is statistically weaker in women with SUI.

125
Q

Was there a significant difference in hip external rotation strength between women with and without SUI?

A

No significant difference was found.

when tested in seated

126
Q

What unique muscle activation pattern was observed in the obturator internus?

A

It generates more muscle activation with the hip extended compared to flexed.

127
Q

What was the only statistical difference found between the SUI group and the control group?

A

Women with SUI reported greater number of PFM tender points on dominant side

128
Q

What does a reduced prone hip IR angle in the non-dominant leg indicate?

A

It may indicate relatively shorter hip external rotators.Could accommodate for lesser pelvic floor muscle power

129
Q

What is the relationship between the levator ani muscle and the obturator internus muscle?

A

The levator ani has a fascial connection to the obturator internus muscle. If OI does not have adequate passive tension (as seen in study due to 5° more of PROM IR in prone) then levator ani effort maybe less effective

130
Q

How might hip strengthening affect pelvic floor muscle contraction?

A

It has been shown to result in greater PFM contraction.

Even an asymptomatic woman

131
Q

What should treatment interventions for SUI be based on?

A

Specific impairments identified during a PFM and hip examination.

132
Q

Name the primary hip external rotators.

A
  • Gluteus maximus
  • Gemelli superior
  • Gemelli inferior
  • Quadratus femoris

Short external rotators piriformis obturator internus

133
Q

True or False: Muscle fiber length affects hip mobility and strength testing.

A

True

134
Q

What factors may predispose women with SUI to symptoms?

A
  • Greater IR angles in prone
  • Less flexible iliotibial band per Ober test
  • Greater number of tender points
  • Lesser seated hip ER force and side-lying hip abduction force
135
Q

What should patients with specific hip impairments undergo?

A

A thorough screening of SUI symptoms.

136
Q

What might improving hip strength testing outcomes reduce the likelihood of?

A

Incurring patellofemoral pain or an anterior cruciate ligament tear.

137
Q

What will produce the most ER force when examing for SUI seated or prone?

A

In seated, there’s less help from secondary rotators and more help in the prone postion

138
Q

What is the definition of pelvic girdle pain (PGP)?

A

PGP generally arises in relation to pregnancy, trauma or reactive arthritis. Pain is experienced between the posterior iliac crest and the gluteal fold, particularly in the vicinity of the sacroiliac joints.

139
Q

What are the two most evaluated tests for diagnosing PGP?

A

Posterior pelvic pain provocation test and the active straight leg raise test.

140
Q

What is the association between PGP and the hormone relaxin?

A

The association is low; no secure conclusion can be drawn.

141
Q

What type of movement occurs in the sacroiliac joints in patients with PGP?

A

Movement in the sacroiliac joints is small and almost undetectable by precise radiosteriometric analysis.

142
Q

How does the motion of the symphysis during pregnancy compare in patients with and without PGP?

A

Larger motion of the symphysis during pregnancy and puerperium in patients with PGP than in those without.

143
Q

What are the two mechanisms that contribute to the stability of the sacroiliac joints?

A
  • Form closure
  • Force closure
144
Q

What is the implication of a failure of the self-locking mechanism in the sacroiliac joints?

A

It has been attributed to SIJ pain.

145
Q

What correlation has been shown related to asymmetric laxity of the sacroiliac joints?

A

Correlates with moderate to severe levels of symptoms in subjects with postpartum PGP.

146
Q

What are potential sources of pain in PGP?

A
  • Sacrospinous ligament
  • Superficial sacroiliac joint structures, such as the long dorsal sacroiliac ligament
147
Q

How might frequent or sustained pain-provoking postures influence pelvic ligaments?

A

They might influence the pelvic ligaments and in turn link to relevant symptoms.

148
Q

What changes in posture are related to pregnancy that may affect PGP?

A

Lumbar lordosis and a tendency for lumbar kyphosis.

149
Q

What level of evidence is there that PGP is related to altered pelvic mechanism and/or motor control?

A

Moderate level of evidence.

150
Q

What alterations occur in the strategy for lumbopelvic stabilization in PGP?

A

Excessive as well as insufficient motor activation of the lumbopelvic and surrounding musculature.

151
Q

What outcomes should be considered when evaluating PGP?

A
  • Return to work/absenteeism
  • Reduction in frequency of analgesic use
  • Satisfaction with treatment
  • Catastrophising
  • Fear avoidance
  • Adverse events
152
Q

What assessment tools are mentioned for evaluating PGP?

A
  • ODI
  • VAS
  • DRI
  • PGW
  • QUEBEQ
  • Roland Morris
153
Q

Fill in the blank: PGP may be considered a _______.

A

[deconditioning syndrome]

WCS (6 decks)

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