6 mark Q (section A)

Question 1

Nature

Answer 1

• nature refers to the idea that social behaviour is biological or innate. some believe that certain innate traits are biologically determined due to our genes and biological make up.
• e.g. sleeping the case study of ferel children who lack nurture still naturally rquire sleep.
• e.g. blinking- need this in order to keep eyes moist and protect them.

Question 2

nurture

Answer 2

• refers to the idea that social behaviour is socially constructed. social influences incourage behaviour to imitated as almost a social normality- it is expected
• e.g. the way someone builds relationships. learn from what they’re exposed to.

Question 3

primary socialisation

Answer 3

• process in which we learn norms, values and behaviour appropriate for our society. it is the way this behaviour is learnt through the agent, family.
• e.g. walking or speaking is learnt through imitation
• e.g. learning to use cutlery politely

Question 4

secondary socialisation

Answer 4

• process which we learn norms and values through agents other than the family e.g. media religion or workplace
• e.g. norms and values taught in education such as punctuality & hidden curriculum discussed by bourdieu
• another e.g. is smoking and drinking taught by peer pressure

Question 5

formal social control

Answer 5

• used to reinforce societies norms and values to individuals via the agents of socialisation. reinforcing mechanisms that are associated with more formal agents such as police and government.
• e.g. sanctions

Question 6

informal social control

Answer 6

• used to reinforce societys norms and values to individuals via the agents of socialisation. reinforcing mechanisms that are associated with more informal agents such as media or peer groups
• e.g. peer group usually associated with youth culture.

Question 7

norms

Answer 7

• unwritten rules with guide our behaviour in society. based on values. norms are socially constructed, taught through agents of socialisation.
• e.g eating with a knife & fork- uk norm but not other cultures
• e.g could relate to your gender like girls wearing a skirt
• OAKLEY says that family socialises us into gender norms

Question 8

values

Answer 8

• reasons behind human behaviour, underpina community or society . these beliefs are what you should and shouldnt do
• e.g value of britain is fairness and honesty. expected to follow since they believe it makes the community a better place

Question 9

status

Answer 9

• a role that a person fulfils has a status attached to it. it is the way a person is represented
• can be ascribed or acheived

Question 10

roles

Answer 10

• part you play in society. people may have more than one at the same time. each role has a norm and value attached to it
• e.g. a teacher is expected to be professional, safeguard students, lesson plan ect..
• roles can differ by gender
• PARSONS suggests how family socialises us into hegemonic gender roles

Question 11

culture

Answer 11

• refers to the language, beliefs, norms, values, customs and roles that combine to make up the way of life of society.
• this culture is transmitted through socialisation from one gen to the next
• e.g. PUNK subculture has different norms and values

Question 12

subculture

Answer 12

• small group within a larger subculture
• groups of young people do not follow same norms and values as eachother often from subcultures
• McRobbie & bedroom culture

Question 13

high culture

Answer 13

• culture of the elete or upperclass is performed by members of the upperclass who believe that only people of appropriate education can appreciate this cultures art and aesthetic quality.
• e.g. grammy award shows and opera. is the social norm to be wealthy and posh

Question 14

popular culture

Answer 14

• culture of normal people; enjoyed by all regardless of intellegence
• media plays important role in creating popular culture in UK
• e.g. concerts and plays streamed in cinema- gives normal to enjoy parts of high culture

Question 15

global culture

Answer 15

• emerged as a result of globalisation
• world has become a smaller place, a ‘global villaige’ where homogeneity is a key feat.
• e.g. mcdonalds (influence of USA)

Question 16

consumer culture

Answer 16

• what we buy/consume in society
• people often portray a sense of identity through what we buy/wear
• e.g. SAUNDERS- media targets middle age group. because groupe w highest disposable income and often define idenity with what they wear.
• conspicious consumption

Question 17

cultural diversity

Answer 17

• culture that includes a diverse range of groups from different cultural backgrounds living seperately in society
• e.g. china town in soho

Question 18

cultural hybridity//multicultural

Answer 18

• cultures mixing together- living equally in society
• e.g. takeaways are a representation of a different culture being interpreted into others.

Question 19

sexuality

Answer 19

• an individual preference in sexual partners
• there are different types: hetrosexuality, homo, bi
• e.g. hetrosexuality MAC AN GHAIL overephasising hetrosexual identities (the 3 f’s)
• homozexuality PLUMMER peer group supports homosexuality by making it the norm

Question 20

masculine identities

Answer 20

• a type of gender not only associated with sex that is biologiacally determined but the sense of belonging ad roles associated with being a man. SOCIALLY CONSTRUCTED. expected behaviour taught to boys via socialisation
• e.g. of masc identity is hegemonic OAKLEY- socialised into hegamonic gender roles via manipulation, erbal appellations and domestic activities.
• e.g. new man MORT

Question 21

feminine identies

Answer 21

• type of gender not only associated with sex that is biologiacally determined but the sense of belonging ad roles associated with being a woman
• SOCIALLY CONSTRUCTED. expected behaviour taught to girls via socialisation
• e.g. billington- media creates gender identity by presenting steretpical girls in the media
• e.g. OAKLEY socialised into hegamonic roles.

Question 22

ethnic groups

Answer 22

• refers to the groups who are from the same cultural and ethnic background. they share things such as religion, language, customs, beliefs and norms, dress and music.
• e.g. Asian- GHUMAN sound that groups shared values such as obedience and respect for elders
• e.g. black afro-carrabean- SEWELL group followed rap role modals in the media and held values of conspicious consumption and refection of education.

Question 23

nationality

Answer 23

• sense of a nation as a cohesive whole; represented by distinctive traditions, culture and language.
• a nation is socially constructed through symbols such as flags and national flags or holidays.
• e.g. ‘british’ difference between wales, england and ireland and scottland.

Question 24

ethnic identity

Answer 24

• identities based around peoples ethnic and cultural background. eg. religion, language, customs, beliefs, food, dress and music
• e.g. Asian- GHUMAN sound that groups shared values such as obedience and respect for elders
• e.g. black afro-carrabean- SEWELL group followed rap role modals in the media and held values of conspicious consumption and refection of education.

Question 25

hybrid identities

Answer 25

• mixing of 2 or more cultures together to create new cultures and identities.
• has occured in the uk due to immigration of some ethnic groups
• e.g. development of new ‘urban cultures’ in inne city areas which have emerged due to diff ethic groups socialising together.
• BACK AND GILL
• e.g. code switching between peers and family

Question 26

multi culturalism

Answer 26

• uk society is now made up of a variety of different ethnic groups and cultures mixed together
• BARKER argues that multicultural society adknowledges and welcomes presence of a range of different groups
• e.g. education; children must learn a range of different faiths and celebrate different cultural festivals
• emergence of hybrid identities e.g. food isle in shops.

Question 27

age identities

Answer 27

• age can be defined as chonologicall. as people get older, roles and social status changes
• life stages (youth, middle, old)
• e.g. youth. associated 12-25 a transitional stage of life. go through a rite of passage for example, birthday or marraige
• e.g. middle age; career and family

Question 28

youth

Answer 28

• 12-25
• transitional stage of life. socially constructed identity as has changed over time
• e.g. SEWELL young black boys socialised into exggerating hypermasculine identities to fit in
• E.g. MCROBBIE bedroom culture and culture of femininity