6. Gross Anatomy Flashcards
Central Nervous System • \_\_\_\_ • \_\_\_\_
Peripheral Nervous System • \_\_\_\_ pairs spinal nerves • \_\_\_\_ pairs cranial nerves • \_\_\_\_ nerves
brain
spinal cord
31
12
autonomic
Groups of anatomically or functionally related neuronal cell bodies in the PNS are found in ___ or ___ ganglia derived from ___ cells
sensory
autonomic
neural crest
Visceral ____ convey information from organs and bv (blood vessels) to the CNS = GVA
fibers
• On the \_\_\_\_ are somatomotor responsible for initiating the contraction of skeletal muscle (and visceral motor fibers which will be responsible, as we will see shortly, for the direct innervation of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands)
afferents
efferent/motor
PNS > SOMATIC > BODY WALL AND EXTREMITIES:
MOTOR:
GSE - Somatic Efferent Fibers
Somatomotor fibers arising from ____ motor neurons: directly stimulate ____ and ____ contraction of ____ muscle
SENSORY:
GSA – Somatic Afferent Fibers
Somatosensory fibers transmit inputs to the CNS concerning the following modalities:
- ____, pain and temperature from the body wall
- Pain and ____ from the muscles, tendons and joints
lower
voluntary
reflex
skeletal
touch
proprioception
PNS > VISCERAL > VISCERA (internal organs):
MOTOR (GVE) components • Innervate \_\_\_\_ muscle • Regulate \_\_\_\_ • Innervate \_\_\_\_ muscle These components form the \_\_\_\_
SENSORY (GVA) components
•Convey information related to ____ reflexes
•Convey ____ sensations which are primarily affective in nature (e.g. hunger, satiety, nausea, anxiety, stress)
•Convey normally vague and poorly localized ____ pain
•Participate in pathways with GSA elements producing “____”
smooth
glands
cardiac
visceral
visceral
organic
referred organic pain
LIMBIC SYSTEM
HYPOTHALAMUS
While the ANS is generally defined as part of the PNS, it must be appreciated that the
____ NEURONS of the ANS
are under the control of higher CNS centers
visceral efferent
Peripheral nerves usually contain different combinations of ____ of motor neurons and ____ of sensory neurons.
____ nerves supply structures in the neck, trunk, and limbs as well as limited areas of the head.
ALL spinal nerves leaving the CNS contain both somatic ____ and somatic ____ fibers.
SOME spinal nerves leaving the CNS, but not all, convey ____ fibers as well.
Each spinal nerve divides just outside the spine into a
- a ____ ramus; and
- a ____ ramus.
- ____ branches of these rami supply specific dermatomes.
- ____ branches of these rami supply the derivatives of specific myotomes.
Cranial nerves and their branches may carry efferent fibers, afferent fibers of BOTH in different combinations. [???]
axons
processes
spinal
afferent
efferent
autonomic
ventral (anterior) primary
dorsal (posterior) primary
cutaneous
muscular
1 - ____ axis
- Caudal, dorsal, ventral, cranial/oral
2 - ____ axis
basal/ventral inferior, frontal/cranial/oral/rostral anterior, parietal/dorsal superior, occipital/caudal posterior
meynert’s
forel’s
The CNS is organized into regions of
gray matter and white matter
Gray matter contains ____ of neurons, their ____, and the proximal parts of their axons.
Groups of anatomically or functionally similar neuron cell bodies in gray may be found in a ____, lamina, or ____.
White matter contains ____ of neurons.
Groups of anatomically or functionally similar axons may be found in a ____, funiculus, ____, lemniscus, or ____.
cell bodies
dendrites
nucleus
layer
axons
peduncle
fasciculus
tract
Frontal
Parietal
Occipital
Temporal
Each cerebral hemisphere is divided into four lobes and is highly convoluted by ____ separated by ____
gyri
sulci
The ____ (primary motor cortex), immediately rostral to the central sulcus, contains ____ motor neurons that control skeletal muscles on the ____ side of the body
precentral gyrus
upper
contralateral
The precentral gyrus contains a motor homunculus, an orderly but distorted map of the ____ muscles in the ____ limbs and trunk controlled by ____ MOTOR NEURONS
- Upper motor neurons that control muscles innervated by cranial nerves are represented close to the ____. These-muscles, as well as muscles of the hand, are most heavily represented in the homunculus.
- Proceeding ____ on the lateral aspect of the hemisphere, upper motor neurons that vcontrol neck, upper limb, and trunk musculature are encountered.
- On the ____ aspect of the hemisphere are the upper motor neurons that control pelvic and lower limb muscles.
This primary motor cortex is known as ____.
These upper motor neurons encode for the
____, force, and ____ of each movement and control ____ muscles used in the execution of skilled movements
skeletal
contralateral
upper
lateral sulcus
dorsally
medial
MI
direction
velocity
individual
Though the descending pathways that convey the axons of M1 upper motor neurons to lower motor neurons in the brainstem and spinal cord will be discussed in a lecture in Mod 2, note already the significance of the
____
Corticonuclear (Corticobulbar) Tract
The ____ (primary somatosensory cortex), immediately posterior to the central sulcus, contains a ____ representation of the ____ side of thebody
postcentral gyrus
tactile
contralateral
The primary somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobe contains a ____ of the contralateral surface of the body that is distorted by the uneven cutaneous distribution of sensory receptors.
The ____, hands, and ____ are the most heavily represented areas of the homunculus in which the density of ____ is greater and the ____ are smaller than in other parts of the body.
The sensory homunculus has a ____ representation similar
to the homunculus in primary motor cortex.
- The head, neck, upper limb, and trunk are represented on the ____ aspect of the hemisphere.
- The pelvis and lower limb are represented in an extension of the postcentral gyrus onto the ____ aspect of the hemisphere.
sensory homunculus fingertips lips sensory receptors receptive fields
somatotopic
lateral
medial
Though a Mod 2 lecture will be devoted to the ascending somatosensory
and trigeminal pathways which convey inputs from ____ neurons located in peripheral ganglia just outside the CNS, note the role of the ____ in relaying afferent inputs to primary somatosensory cortex.
primary sensory
thalamus
The ____ system is involved in emotion, memory, feeding and mating behaviors
limbic
The ____ forms the ventral
portion of the
diencephalon
The Hypothalamus exerts its influence through the \_\_\_\_, autonomic and \_\_\_\_ systems to regulate: • \_\_\_\_ function • Body temperature • \_\_\_\_ balance • Food intake
hypothalamus limbic endocrine cardiovascular water
The SPINAL CORD
Descends from the caudal portion of the brain stem, the ____, through the ____
The cord descends through the ____ canal within a closed ____ sac which extends
to the ____ level
The cord presents ____ and ____ enlargements WHY?
medulla oblongata
foramen magnum
vertebral
dural (thecal)
S2
cervical
lumbo-sacral
The SPINAL CORD
Functionally distinct ____ and ____ roots of paired spinal nerves emerge segmentally from the cord…
The enlargements give rise to roots of the spinal nerves contributing to the ____ and ____ plexuses, innervating the upper and lower limbs respectively
The cord tapers caudally and terminates in the ____ at the ____ intervertebral level
dorsal
ventral
brachial
lumbosacral
conus medullaris
L1-L2
SPINAL CORD SEGMENTS
Each pair of spinal nerves is formed by the convergence of fibers arising from the dorsal and ventral aspects of a discrete segment of the cord
Arising from each segment are the somatic ____ & somatic ____ fibers
that supply, respectively:
A specific area of body wall, the ____
And a specific muscle mass, the ____
afferent
efferent
dermatome
myotome
Spinal gray
- Dorsal horn
- Ventral horn
Dorsal (posterior) Root comprised of somatic
____ Fibers carrying information from the ____ TO the ____
Ventral (anterior)
root comprised of somatic ____ Fibers carrying information FROM
the ____ to the ____
“Mixed” Spinal nerve in an ____
DORSAL (POSTERIOR)
RAMUS
VENTRAL
(ANTERIOR)
RAMUS
afferent
periphery
CNS
efferent
CNS
periphery
IV foramen
So upon exiting an intervertebral foramen, each mixed spinal nerve divides into…
A large ____ ramus Innervates anterolateral
body wall, ____ muscles
and the extremities
Like the spinal nerve, the rami contain both somatic ____ and ____
A smaller
____ ramus
Innervates skin of back and
posterior scalp, facet joints, posterior spinal ligaments and ____ muscles
ventral (anterior) primary
hypaxial
afferents
efferents
dorsal (posterior) primary
epaxial
In the
____ NERVOUS SYSTEM, there is only ONE neuron between the CNS and either:
Skeletal muscles innervated by ____ fibers; or
Sensory receptors innervated by ____ fibers
SOMATIC
GSE
GSA
The specific area of skin supplied by the somatic afferents in the pair of spinal nerves arising from each spinal cord segment is called a
____
Note that ____ innervation of face and anterior scalp
is mediated by ____- the ____ Nerve
dermatome
cutaneous
CN V
trigeminal
Dermatomes ____ - so that the loss of a single spinal nerve or dorsal root does not produce ____
____ dermatome
boundaries are much more
sharply defined with minimal overlap
overlap
anesthesia
CN V
CUTANEOUS NERVES
carry information from ____ (____
receptors) in the
skin to the CNS
Each is sensitive to a particular form of ____ which it transduces into an ACTION POTENTIAL
These “exteroceptors” include…
exteroceptors
cutaneous
physical energy
Exteroceptors:
- ____ - respond to deformation or displacement
- ____ - respond to changes in temperature
- ____ - respond to stimuli which damage tissue
All these receptors are continuous with peripheral processes of ____ NEURONS whose somata are located in ____ GANGLIA
mechanoreceptors
thermoreceptors
nociceptors
(pseudounipolar) sensory dorsal root (spinal)
Dorsal Root (Spinal) Ganglion
Each is a collection of ____ sensory neurons located on the dorsal root in an ____ foramen, just proximal to the mixed spinal nerve
No ____ occur here as the central processes of the neurons continue to the ____ horn of the ____ gray
pseudouniplar intervertebral synapses dorsal spinal
Exteroceptive inputs, along with inputs from ____ located in MUSCLES, ____ and JOINTS, enter the spinal cord via the central processes of the neurons in the
____ GANGLIA
proprioceptors
tendons
dorsal root
At the dorsal root entry zone, the central processes of neurons in the DRG enter in either a ____ or ____ division and are classified using two different criteria:
Dorsal root fibers of ____ nerves are classified according to ____ by Roman numerals.
Dorsal root fibers of ____ nerves are classified alphabetically according to their ____.
medial lateral muscular fiber diameter cutaneous conduction velocity
Muscle Spindles Ia
(muscle ____)
Golgi tendon organs Ib (muscle ____)
____, ____ fibers:
• Touch
• Vibration
• Pressure
____, ____ fibers
• Pain
• Temperature
Note how these somatic afferent inputs are segregated by ____
stretch
force
II, A-beta
A-delta, C
modality
Knowledge of the dermatomes of the body is a prerequisite for understanding patterns of both
____ PAIN and ____ PAIN
radicular
referred visceral
Contraction of skeletal muscle is a direct result of stimulus by ____ MOTOR NEURONS located in either the ____ or ____ cord
Most are ____ motor neurons innervating ____ muscle fibers responsible for skeletal muscle contraction
lower
brainstem
spinal
alpha
extrafusal
The ____ ROOTS convey axons of these LOWER MOTOR NEURONS, whose cell bodies are located in the ____ of the spinal gray, to the mixed spinal nerves
LOWER MOTOR NEURONS located in ____ give rise to axons found in ____ of the twelve pairs of cranial nerves
ventral
ventral horns
brainstem nuclei
nine
Damage to these
Lower Motor Neurons
produces ____ and ____ of skeletal muscle
flaccid paralysis
atrophy
Somatotopic organization of motor neurons in ____ horn
____ and ____ have large ventral horns
LMNs that innervate axial muscles are ____ to motor neurons that innervate muscles in the ____.
LMNs that innervate flexor muscles are ____ to motor neurons that innervate ____ muscles.
ventral
C5-T1
L2-S3
medial
limbs
dorsal
extensor
While the unilateral muscle mass receiving innervation from the GSE fibers conveyed by a single spinal nerve is the ____…
the fact is that virtually every ____ muscle below the head is formed by the fusion of ____ derived from multiple adjacent
somites….
So each such muscle will be innervated by
a ____ nerve arising from a spinal nerve plexus containing GSE fibers arising from ____ spinal cord segment
myotome
skeletal
myoblasts
peripheral
more than one
In addition to the axons of \_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_ motor neurons that exit the cord via the ventral roots of all spinal nerves and innervate \_\_\_\_ skeletal muscle fibers at motor end plates (neuromuscular junctions) and \_\_\_\_ fibers in skeletal muscle respectively...
Preganglionic autonomic axons exit the spinal cord in the ventral roots of the ____ segments as well as the ____ segments
alpha
gamma
extrafusal
intrafusal
T1 through L2
S2 through S4
The ANS is divided into 2 divisions
Sympathetic - \_\_\_\_ – Fight or flight – \_\_\_\_ -Widely distributed except to \_\_\_\_ tissues (e.g. nails and cartilage)
Parasympathetic – Conserves \_\_\_\_ – Restores bodys resources – \_\_\_\_ -Restricted distribution to \_\_\_\_, viscera of the \_\_\_\_, and \_\_\_\_ tissues
Despite some physiological differences, both divisions employ ____ NEURONS IN SERIES to provide visceral motor innervation to target tissues
arousal
cataoblic
avascular
energy anabolic head trunk erectile
two
Recall that in the somatic nervous system, only ____ neuron intervened between the CNS and either skeletal muscles or ____ and ____…
In contrast, a “____ NEURON” rule applies to the architecture of the autonomic nervous system!
one
exteroreceptors
proprioceptors
two
The “Two-Neuron” Rule
The first neuron cell body is located in a nucleus in the ____
- The ____ neuron
The ____ axon leaves the CNS seeking synapse on a second neuron
The second neuron is located in a ____ autonomic ganglion - The ____ neuron
The postganglionic axon leaves the ganglion and innervates ____ muscle, a ____, or the ____
CNS
preganglionic (presynaptic)
preganglionic
peripheral
postganglionic (presynaptic) neuron
smooth
gland
heart
The location of the peripheral ganglia containing the ____ neurons varies significantly between the two divisions of the ANS
postganglionic
In the sympathetic nervous system, the preganglionic axon is usually ____….
since the
postganglionic neuron is usually located in a ____ or ____ ganglion relatively near the CNS
In the parasympathetic nervous system, the preganglionic axon
is usually ____….
since the
postganglionic neuron is usually located in a ganglion near, on, or in the walls of the ____.
short
paravertebral
prevertebral
long
target organ
In those organs which are dually innervated, the two systems typically produce ____
opposing responses
A subset of parvocellular neurons in the ____ NUCLEUS (PVN)
of the ____, either directly or through brainstem relay nuclei, play the major role in ____ control of ____ in both divisions of the ANS
paraventricular
hypothalamus
bilateral
outflow
IN THE PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISION…
Preganglionic neuron cell bodies are located in either of two places:
1 - ____ nuclei; or
2 - the ____ horns of the ____ spinal cord segments
brainstem
ventral
S2-S4
Preganglionic parasympathetic axons
leave the brainstem in four
cranial nerves: ____, ____, ____, ____
III
VII
IX
X
Preganglionic axons leaving the spinal cord in the ventral roots of the S2-S4 spinal nerves form
____ nerves
These nerves provide parasympathetic innervation to lower ____, pelvic, and ____ organs
Thus the parasympathetic division of the ANS is often described as a
____ SYSTEM
pelvic splanchnic
GI
perineal
craniosacral
Parasympathetic pathways of head and neck
Pathways in the head involve ____ pairs of ganglia and employ branches of CN ____ to deliver postganglionic axons to their target organs
four
V
CN III
MIDBRAIN - Nucleus of \_\_\_\_ > Inferior branch of the \_\_\_\_ > CILIARY GANGLION VIA SHORT CILIARY NERVES FROM CN \_\_\_\_ > \_\_\_\_ MUSCLE
III edinger-westphal oculomotor N V1 pupillary constrictor ciliary
CN IX
MEDULLA \_\_\_\_ Nucleus > \_\_\_\_ NERVE > \_\_\_\_ GANGLION > VIA AURICULO- TEMPORAL N. from \_\_\_\_ > \_\_\_\_ GLAND
inferior salivatory lesser petrosal otic CN V3 parotid
CN VII
TWO PATHWAYS
PONS \_\_\_\_ Nucleus > \_\_\_\_ NERVE > \_\_\_\_ GANGLION > VIA BRANCHES OF CN\_\_\_\_ > • \_\_\_\_ GLAND • NASAL AND PARANASAL MUCOSA • \_\_\_\_
PONS \_\_\_\_ Nucleus > \_\_\_\_ > \_\_\_\_ GANGLION > VIA LINGUAL NERVE (CN \_\_\_\_) > \_\_\_\_ AND \_\_\_\_ SALIVARY GLANDS
superior salivatory greater petrosal pterygo-palatine V2 lacrimal palate
superior salivatory corda tympani submandibular V3 submandibular sublingual
GREATER PETROSAL NERVE
Conveys secretomotor fibers which, after synapsing in the ____ ganglion, innervate the ____ GLAND, NASAL and PARANASAL ____
and ____ GLANDS
pterygopalatine
lacrimal
mucosa
palatine
Chorda Tympani
Conveys secretomotor fibers which
synapse in the ____ ganglion and innervate the ____ and ____ SALIVARY GLANDS
submandibular
submandibular
sublingual
CN X - the
VAGUS
NERVE
provides parasympathetic innervation to ____, ____ and ____ VISCERA
cervical
thoracic
upper GI
CN X
MEDULLA \_\_\_\_ nucleus of vagus > \_\_\_\_ > \_\_\_\_ GANGLIA > MUCOSA of \_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_ OR \_\_\_\_ AND LUNGS OR GUT, \_\_\_\_, BILIARY TREE
dorsal motor vagus terminal (enteric) larynx pharynx heart pancreas
In order to reach the thorax and abdomen, CN X courses through the deep neck within the ____
As CN X approaches the ____,
it contributes branches to both ____ and ____
carotid sheath
mediastinum
cardiac plexus
pulmonary plexus
The ____ PLEXUS is located on the underside of the aortic arch
The ____ PLEXUS is located on the tracheal bifurcation
superficial cardiac
deep cardiac
Preganglionic vagal cardiac fibers synapse in small ganglia along the coronary arteries (____ plexus)
PARASYMPATHETIC INPUTS to the ____ PLEXUS result in the following:
• Deceleration of ____ rate
• Reduction in strength of ____ contraction
• ____ of coronary arteries.
coronary cardiac heart myocardial vasoconstriction
As we continue inferiorly, the ESOPHAGEAL PLEXUS
is formed by ____ and ____ fibers along the esophagus in the ____
As they approach the diaphragm and abdomen, the vagal fibers reconstitute as
____ and ____ TRUNKS which pass through the ____
vagal
sympathetic
posterior mediastinum
anterior
posterior vagal
esophageal hiatus
Upon entering the abdomen,
the vagal trunks provide ____ innervation to abdominal viscera derived from the ____ AND ____
These fibers will synapse in ganglia of the ____ and ____ of the gut
preganglionic parasympathetic
embryonic foregut
midgut
myenteric
submucosal plexuses
VISCERAL AFFERENT fibers, many of which convey sensations
of ____, also course along with ____ nerves
Some of these visceral afferents also convey physiologic sensations arising from…
____ responding to distension in the walls of the GI tract, respiratory structures and the urinary bladder as well as ____ in arteries
Chemoreceptors responding to changes in: 1. partial pressure of \_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_ in the blood, 2. blood \_\_\_\_; and 3. the concentration of \_\_\_\_ ions in the stomach
visceral pain
parasympathetic
mechanoreceptors
baroreceptors
O2
CO2
pH
hydrogen
Recall that the ANS is regulated by higher CNS centers
Descending hypothalamic axons arise from neurons in the posterior hypothalamus and synapse with ____
neurons in the
____ cell columns from ____
preganglionic sympathetic
intermediolateral
T1-L2
In the SYMPATHETIC DIVISION…
The preganglionic neuron cell bodies are located in the ____ horns of the [???]
intermediolateral
The preganglionic sympathetic axons
leave the spinal cord in the ____ roots of the
____ spinal nerves,
then exit the vertebral canal on the ____ spinal nerves
Thus the sympathetic division is referred to as a ____
ventral
T1-L2
T1-L2
thoracolumbar system
Preganglionic sympathetic axons leaving the cord via the T1- L2 spinal nerves head for ____ chains of interconnected ganglia called the ____
These lie in the
____
along each side of the spine
The trunks extend from the base of the ____ to the ____
bilateral
sympathetic trunks
paravertebral gutters
skull
coccyx
THE GANGLIA IN THE CHAINS ARE KNOWN AS
____
paravertebral ganglia
After traversing their intervertebral foramina, the T1- L2 spinal nerves send
____ SYMPATHETICS
to the chain via ____
preganglionic
white communicating rami
There are actually four potential fates available to PREGANGLIONIC SYMPATHETICS reaching the SYMPATHETIC CHAINS via these white rami:
They may enter the chain and synapse at the ____ ganglion
They may ____ the chain and synapse to a more ____ ganglion
They may ____ the chain and synapse at a more ____ ganglion
They may pass through the chain without ____.
nearest ascend superior descend inferior synapsing
IF SYNAPSE DOES OCCUR IN THE CHAIN…
Many, but not all,
POSTGANGLIONIC SYMPATHETICS rejoin spinal nerves for distribution to
the body wall via ____
grey communicating rami
____ spinal nerves will receive some
POSTGANGLIONIC SYMPATHETIC
fibers via
____ COMMUNICANTES
WHY?
Because these fibers supply body wall structures requiring ____ innervation
all
gray rami
autonomic
Body wall structures receiving sympathetic innervation
____ glands
Arrectores pilli
– The ____ muscles of the hair follicles
Vascular smooth muscle
– Sympathetic stimulus causes ____ of the arterioles of the skin and viscera, (with the exception of the ____ arteries) and ____ of arterioles in skeletal muscle
Note that with the exception of the coronary arteries, these structures are NOT dually innervated by the ____
sweat smooth vasoconstriction coronary vasodilation ANS
SO, while white and gray rami are both associated with ____ spinal nerves only, GRAY RAMI ARE FOUND WITH ALL ____ NERVES
T1-L2
all
IF SYNAPSE DOES OCCUR IN THE CHAIN… 2
Some postganglionic fibers arising from neurons in CERVICAL and UPPER THORACIC GANGLIA will leave the chains as ____ BRANCHES to ____ and ____ viscera
(e.g. ____, LUNGS, AND ____)
direct visceral cervical thoracic heart esophagus
Sympathetic inputs to cardiac plexus…
• Increase ____
• Increase the force of ____
contraction
• ____ coronary arteries
heart rate
myocardial
vasodilate
These DIRECT VISCERAL BRANCHES also convey ____ fibers from viscera to cervical and upper thoracic spinal nerves via the ____ RAMI
These pain afferents may stimulate ____ fibers in the ____ roots of these spinal nerves
and produce ____ in the body wall or extremities
GVA
white communicating
GSA
dorsal
“referred pain”
A lack of oxygen to the myocardium (____) may produce ____ PAIN
ischemia
referred cardiac
IF SYNAPSE DOES OCCUR IN THE CHAIN… 3
Many postganglionic axons arising from ____ GANGLIA will leave the sympathetic chains
and form a
____
PLEXUS
on the ____ ARTERIES and their branches to reach ____ and ____ targets
cervical periarterial carotid cranial cervical
Preganglionic sympathetic innervation of the head arises from the ____ CORD SEGMENTS
These fibers ascend thru the ____ sympathetic chain and synapse in the ____ GANGLION
T1-T2
cervical
superior cervical
Postganglionic sympathetic innervation of the head arises from the ____
superior cervical ganglion
Interruption of these sympathetic pathways produces an ____
Horner’s Syndrome
____
droopy eyelid
____
fixed, constricted pupil
____
absence of sweating
SYMPTOMS WILL PRESENT DIFFERENTLY DEPENDING UPON THE ____ OF THE LESION
ipsilateral
ptosis
miosis
anhidrosis
location
NOW RECALL THAT SOME PREGANGLIONIC SYMPATHETICS PASS THROUGH THE CHAINS WITHOUT SYNAPSING…
Bundles of preganglionic sympathetic axons which exit the chain without synapsing are called
____ NERVES
These fibers will synapse in ____ or
____ ganglia located
anterior to the ____ and
____
splanchnic collateral prevertebral abdominal aorta common iliac
THORACIC SPLANCHNIC NERVES
These nerves contain ____ fibers destined for the ____
preganglionic sympathetic
abdomen
Thoracic splanchnic nerves pierce the ____ and seek synapse on neurons in
____ GANGLIA
A limited number pass through these ganglia and synapse in the
____
diaphragm
preaortic (prevertebral)
adrenal medulla
Postganglionic sympathetic fibers arising from the prevertebral ganglia reach their visceral targets by forming a
____ PLEXUS
along arteries arising from the ____
periarterial
abdominal aorta
Upon reaching the GI tract, these postganglionic sympathetic fibers contribute to formation of the
____ NERVOUS SYSTEM
within the walls of GI structures from the ____ to the ____ canal in which they
Facilitate contraction of ____ and Inhibit both ____ and ____ secretion
enteric esophagus anal smooth muscle sphincters peristalsis glandular
In the abdomen and pelvis,
VISCERAL AFFERENTS
accompanying sympathetic nerves also transmit ____ from…
- ____ stimulated by excessive distension of a part of the GI tract or bladder
- Strong contractions of ____ muscle in the wall of a visceral structure such as the ____
pain
nociceptors
smooth
uterus
SPLANCHNICS convey these ____ fibers from viscera to the ____ ROOTS of spinal nerves ____ via the ____ RAMI
These pain afferents may stimulate ____ fibers in the dorsal roots of these nerves and produce
____ PAIN
GVA
dorsal
T5-L2
white communicating
GSA
reffered abdominopelvic
Pain from abdominopelvic viscera is also consistently referred to ____ of the body wall
specific regions
