6. Gross Anatomy

Question 1

Central
Nervous
System
• \_\_\_\_
• \_\_\_\_

Peripheral
Nervous
System
• \_\_\_\_ pairs spinal
nerves
• \_\_\_\_ pairs
cranial nerves
• \_\_\_\_
nerves

Answer 1

brain
spinal cord

31
12
autonomic

Question 2

Groups of anatomically or functionally related neuronal cell bodies in the PNS are found in ___ or ___ ganglia derived from ___ cells

Answer 2

sensory
autonomic
neural crest

Question 3

Visceral ____ convey information from organs and bv (blood vessels) to the CNS = GVA
fibers

• On the \_\_\_\_ are somatomotor responsible for initiating the contraction of
skeletal muscle (and visceral motor fibers which will be responsible, as we will see shortly, for the direct innervation of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands)

Answer 3

afferents

efferent/motor

Question 4

PNS > SOMATIC > BODY WALL AND EXTREMITIES:

MOTOR:
GSE - Somatic Efferent Fibers
Somatomotor fibers arising from ____ motor neurons: directly stimulate ____ and ____ contraction of ____ muscle

SENSORY:
GSA – Somatic Afferent Fibers
Somatosensory fibers transmit inputs to the CNS concerning the following modalities:
- ____, pain and temperature from the body wall
- Pain and ____ from the muscles, tendons and joints

Answer 4

lower
voluntary
reflex
skeletal

touch
proprioception

Question 5

PNS > VISCERAL > VISCERA (internal organs):

MOTOR (GVE) components
• Innervate \_\_\_\_ muscle
• Regulate \_\_\_\_
• Innervate \_\_\_\_ muscle
These components form the
\_\_\_\_

SENSORY (GVA) components
•Convey information related to ____ reflexes
•Convey ____ sensations which are primarily affective in nature (e.g. hunger, satiety, nausea, anxiety, stress)
•Convey normally vague and poorly localized ____ pain
•Participate in pathways with GSA elements producing “____”

Answer 5

smooth
glands
cardiac

visceral
visceral
organic
referred organic pain

Question 6

LIMBIC SYSTEM
HYPOTHALAMUS

While the ANS is generally defined as part of the PNS, it must be appreciated that the
____ NEURONS of the ANS
are under the control of higher CNS centers

Answer 6

visceral efferent

Question 7

Peripheral nerves usually contain different combinations of ____ of motor neurons and ____ of sensory neurons.

____ nerves supply structures in the neck, trunk, and limbs as well as limited areas of the head.

ALL spinal nerves leaving the CNS contain both somatic ____ and somatic ____ fibers.

SOME spinal nerves leaving the CNS, but not all, convey ____ fibers as well.

Each spinal nerve divides just outside the spine into a

• a ____ ramus; and
• a ____ ramus.
• ____ branches of these rami supply specific dermatomes.
• ____ branches of these rami supply the derivatives of specific myotomes.

Cranial nerves and their branches may carry efferent fibers, afferent fibers of BOTH in different combinations. [???]

Answer 7

axons
processes

spinal

afferent
efferent

autonomic

ventral (anterior) primary
dorsal (posterior) primary

cutaneous
muscular

Question 8

1 - ____ axis
- Caudal, dorsal, ventral, cranial/oral

2 - ____ axis
basal/ventral inferior, frontal/cranial/oral/rostral anterior, parietal/dorsal superior, occipital/caudal posterior

Answer 8

meynert’s

forel’s

Question 9

The CNS is organized into regions of
gray matter and white matter

Gray matter contains ____ of neurons, their ____, and the proximal parts of their axons.
Groups of anatomically or functionally similar neuron cell bodies in gray may be found in a ____, lamina, or ____.

White matter contains ____ of neurons.
Groups of anatomically or functionally similar axons may be found in a ____, funiculus, ____, lemniscus, or ____.

Answer 9

cell bodies
dendrites
nucleus
layer

axons
peduncle
fasciculus
tract

Question 10

Frontal
Parietal
Occipital
Temporal

Each cerebral hemisphere is divided into four lobes and is highly convoluted by ____ separated by ____

Answer 10

gyri

sulci

Question 11

The ____ (primary motor cortex), immediately rostral to the central sulcus, contains ____ motor neurons that control skeletal muscles on the ____ side of the body

Answer 11

precentral gyrus
upper
contralateral

Question 12

The precentral gyrus contains a motor homunculus, an orderly but distorted map of the ____ muscles in the ____ limbs and trunk controlled by ____ MOTOR NEURONS

• Upper motor neurons that control muscles innervated by cranial nerves are represented close to the ____. These-muscles, as well as muscles of the hand, are most heavily represented in the homunculus.
• Proceeding ____ on the lateral aspect of the hemisphere, upper motor neurons that vcontrol neck, upper limb, and trunk musculature are encountered.
• On the ____ aspect of the hemisphere are the upper motor neurons that control pelvic and lower limb muscles.

This primary motor cortex is known as ____.

These upper motor neurons encode for the
____, force, and ____ of each movement and control ____ muscles used in the execution of skilled movements

Answer 12

skeletal
contralateral
upper

lateral sulcus
dorsally
medial

MI

direction
velocity
individual

Question 13

Though the descending pathways that convey the axons of M1 upper motor neurons to lower motor neurons in the brainstem and spinal cord will be discussed in a lecture in Mod 2, note already the significance of the
____

Answer 13

Corticonuclear (Corticobulbar) Tract

Question 14

The ____ (primary somatosensory cortex), immediately posterior to the central sulcus, contains a ____ representation of the ____ side of thebody

Answer 14

postcentral gyrus
tactile
contralateral

Question 15

The primary somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobe contains a ____ of the contralateral surface of the body that is distorted by the uneven cutaneous distribution of sensory receptors.

The ____, hands, and ____ are the most heavily represented areas of the homunculus in which the density of ____ is greater and the ____ are smaller than in other parts of the body.

The sensory homunculus has a ____ representation similar
to the homunculus in primary motor cortex.

• The head, neck, upper limb, and trunk are represented on the ____ aspect of the hemisphere.
• The pelvis and lower limb are represented in an extension of the postcentral gyrus onto the ____ aspect of the hemisphere.

Answer 15

sensory homunculus
fingertips
lips
sensory receptors
receptive fields

somatotopic
lateral
medial

Question 16

Though a Mod 2 lecture will be devoted to the ascending somatosensory
and trigeminal pathways which convey inputs from ____ neurons located in peripheral ganglia just outside the CNS, note the role of the ____ in relaying afferent inputs to primary somatosensory cortex.

Answer 16

primary sensory

thalamus

Question 17

The ____ system is involved in emotion, memory, feeding and mating behaviors

Answer 17

limbic

Question 18

The ____ forms the ventral
portion of the
diencephalon

The Hypothalamus exerts its
influence through the \_\_\_\_, autonomic and \_\_\_\_ systems to regulate:
• \_\_\_\_ function 
• Body temperature
• \_\_\_\_ balance
• Food intake

Answer 18

hypothalamus
limbic
endocrine
cardiovascular
water

Question 19

The SPINAL CORD

Descends from the caudal portion of the brain stem, the ____, through the ____

The cord descends through the ____ canal within a closed ____ sac which extends
to the ____ level

The cord presents ____ and ____ enlargements WHY?

Answer 19

medulla oblongata
foramen magnum

vertebral
dural (thecal)
S2

cervical
lumbo-sacral

Question 20

The SPINAL CORD

Functionally distinct ____ and ____ roots of paired spinal nerves emerge segmentally from the cord…
The enlargements give rise to roots of the spinal nerves contributing to the ____ and ____ plexuses, innervating the upper and lower limbs respectively

The cord tapers caudally and terminates in the ____ at the ____ intervertebral level

Answer 20

dorsal
ventral
brachial
lumbosacral

conus medullaris
L1-L2

Question 21

SPINAL CORD SEGMENTS

Each pair of spinal nerves is formed by the convergence of fibers arising from the dorsal and ventral aspects of a discrete segment of the cord

Arising from each segment are the somatic ____ & somatic ____ fibers
that supply, respectively:

A specific area of body wall, the ____

And a specific muscle mass, the ____

Answer 21

afferent
efferent
dermatome
myotome

Question 22

Spinal gray

• Dorsal horn
• Ventral horn

Dorsal (posterior) Root comprised of somatic
____ Fibers carrying information from the ____ TO the ____

Ventral (anterior)
root comprised of somatic ____ Fibers carrying information FROM
the ____ to the ____

“Mixed” Spinal nerve in an ____

DORSAL (POSTERIOR)
RAMUS

VENTRAL
(ANTERIOR)
RAMUS

Answer 22

afferent
periphery
CNS

efferent
CNS
periphery

IV foramen

Question 23

So upon exiting an intervertebral foramen, each mixed spinal nerve divides into…

A large ____ ramus Innervates anterolateral
body wall, ____ muscles
and the extremities

Like the spinal nerve, the rami contain both somatic ____ and ____

A smaller
____ ramus
Innervates skin of back and
posterior scalp, facet joints, posterior spinal ligaments and ____ muscles

Answer 23

ventral (anterior) primary
hypaxial
afferents
efferents

dorsal (posterior) primary
epaxial

Question 24

In the
____ NERVOUS SYSTEM, there is only ONE neuron between the CNS and either:

Skeletal muscles innervated by ____ fibers; or

Sensory receptors innervated by ____ fibers

Answer 24

SOMATIC
GSE
GSA

Question 25

The specific area of skin supplied by the somatic afferents in the pair of spinal nerves arising from each spinal cord segment is called a ____ Note that ____ innervation of face and anterior scalp is mediated by ____- the ____ Nerve

Answer 25

dermatome cutaneous CN V trigeminal

Question 26

Dermatomes ____ - so that the loss of a single spinal nerve or dorsal root does not produce ____ ____ dermatome boundaries are much more sharply defined with minimal overlap

Answer 26

overlap anesthesia CN V

Question 27

CUTANEOUS NERVES carry information from ____ (____ receptors) in the skin to the CNS Each is sensitive to a particular form of ____ which it transduces into an ACTION POTENTIAL These “exteroceptors” include...

Answer 27

exteroceptors cutaneous physical energy

Question 28

Exteroceptors: - ____ - respond to deformation or displacement - ____ - respond to changes in temperature - ____ - respond to stimuli which damage tissue All these receptors are continuous with peripheral processes of ____ NEURONS whose somata are located in ____ GANGLIA

Answer 28

mechanoreceptors thermoreceptors nociceptors ``` (pseudounipolar) sensory dorsal root (spinal) ```

Question 29

Dorsal Root (Spinal) Ganglion Each is a collection of ____ sensory neurons located on the dorsal root in an ____ foramen, just proximal to the mixed spinal nerve No ____ occur here as the central processes of the neurons continue to the ____ horn of the ____ gray

Answer 29

``` pseudouniplar intervertebral synapses dorsal spinal ```

Question 30

Exteroceptive inputs, along with inputs from ____ located in MUSCLES, ____ and JOINTS, enter the spinal cord via the central processes of the neurons in the ____ GANGLIA

Answer 30

proprioceptors tendons dorsal root

Question 31

At the dorsal root entry zone, the central processes of neurons in the DRG enter in either a ____ or ____ division and are classified using two different criteria: Dorsal root fibers of ____ nerves are classified according to ____ by Roman numerals. Dorsal root fibers of ____ nerves are classified alphabetically according to their ____.

Answer 31

``` medial lateral muscular fiber diameter cutaneous conduction velocity ```

Question 32

Muscle Spindles Ia (muscle ____) Golgi tendon organs Ib (muscle ____) ____, ____ fibers: • Touch • Vibration • Pressure ____, ____ fibers • Pain • Temperature Note how these somatic afferent inputs are segregated by ____

Answer 32

stretch force II, A-beta A-delta, C modality

Question 33

Knowledge of the dermatomes of the body is a prerequisite for understanding patterns of both ____ PAIN and ____ PAIN

Answer 33

radicular | referred visceral

Question 34

Contraction of skeletal muscle is a direct result of stimulus by ____ MOTOR NEURONS located in either the ____ or ____ cord Most are ____ motor neurons innervating ____ muscle fibers responsible for skeletal muscle contraction

Answer 34

lower brainstem spinal alpha extrafusal

Question 35

The ____ ROOTS convey axons of these LOWER MOTOR NEURONS, whose cell bodies are located in the ____ of the spinal gray, to the mixed spinal nerves LOWER MOTOR NEURONS located in ____ give rise to axons found in ____ of the twelve pairs of cranial nerves

Answer 35

ventral ventral horns brainstem nuclei nine

Question 36

Damage to these Lower Motor Neurons produces ____ and ____ of skeletal muscle

Answer 36

flaccid paralysis | atrophy

Question 37

Somatotopic organization of motor neurons in ____ horn ____ and ____ have large ventral horns LMNs that innervate axial muscles are ____ to motor neurons that innervate muscles in the ____. LMNs that innervate flexor muscles are ____ to motor neurons that innervate ____ muscles.

Answer 37

ventral C5-T1 L2-S3 medial limbs dorsal extensor

Question 38

While the unilateral muscle mass receiving innervation from the GSE fibers conveyed by a single spinal nerve is the ____... the fact is that virtually every ____ muscle below the head is formed by the fusion of ____ derived from multiple adjacent somites.... So each such muscle will be innervated by a ____ nerve arising from a spinal nerve plexus containing GSE fibers arising from ____ spinal cord segment

Answer 38

myotome skeletal myoblasts peripheral more than one

Question 39

``` In addition to the axons of ____ and ____ motor neurons that exit the cord via the ventral roots of all spinal nerves and innervate ____ skeletal muscle fibers at motor end plates (neuromuscular junctions) and ____ fibers in skeletal muscle respectively... ``` Preganglionic autonomic axons exit the spinal cord in the ventral roots of the ____ segments as well as the ____ segments

Answer 39

alpha gamma extrafusal intrafusal T1 through L2 S2 through S4

Question 40

The ANS is divided into 2 divisions ``` Sympathetic - ____ – Fight or flight – ____ -Widely distributed except to ____ tissues (e.g. nails and cartilage) ``` ``` Parasympathetic – Conserves ____ – Restores bodys resources – ____ -Restricted distribution to ____, viscera of the ____, and ____ tissues ``` Despite some physiological differences, both divisions employ ____ NEURONS IN SERIES to provide visceral motor innervation to target tissues

Answer 40

arousal cataoblic avascular ``` energy anabolic head trunk erectile ``` two

Question 41

Recall that in the somatic nervous system, only ____ neuron intervened between the CNS and either skeletal muscles or ____ and ____... In contrast, a "____ NEURON" rule applies to the architecture of the autonomic nervous system!

Answer 41

one exteroreceptors proprioceptors two

Question 42

The "Two-Neuron" Rule The first neuron cell body is located in a nucleus in the ____ - The ____ neuron The ____ axon leaves the CNS seeking synapse on a second neuron The second neuron is located in a ____ autonomic ganglion - The ____ neuron The postganglionic axon leaves the ganglion and innervates ____ muscle, a ____, or the ____

Answer 42

CNS preganglionic (presynaptic) preganglionic peripheral postganglionic (presynaptic) neuron smooth gland heart

Question 43

The location of the peripheral ganglia containing the ____ neurons varies significantly between the two divisions of the ANS

Answer 43

postganglionic

Question 44

In the sympathetic nervous system, the preganglionic axon is usually ____.... since the postganglionic neuron is usually located in a ____ or ____ ganglion relatively near the CNS In the parasympathetic nervous system, the preganglionic axon is usually ____.... since the postganglionic neuron is usually located in a ganglion near, on, or in the walls of the ____.

Answer 44

short paravertebral prevertebral long target organ

Question 45

In those organs which are dually innervated, the two systems typically produce ____

Answer 45

opposing responses

Question 46

A subset of parvocellular neurons in the ____ NUCLEUS (PVN) of the ____, either directly or through brainstem relay nuclei, play the major role in ____ control of ____ in both divisions of the ANS

Answer 46

paraventricular hypothalamus bilateral outflow

Question 47

IN THE PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISION... Preganglionic neuron cell bodies are located in either of two places: 1 - ____ nuclei; or 2 - the ____ horns of the ____ spinal cord segments

Answer 47

brainstem ventral S2-S4

Question 48

Preganglionic parasympathetic axons leave the brainstem in four cranial nerves: ____, ____, ____, ____

Answer 48

III VII IX X

Question 49

Preganglionic axons leaving the spinal cord in the ventral roots of the S2-S4 spinal nerves form ____ nerves These nerves provide parasympathetic innervation to lower ____, pelvic, and ____ organs Thus the parasympathetic division of the ANS is often described as a ____ SYSTEM

Answer 49

pelvic splanchnic GI perineal craniosacral

Question 50

Parasympathetic pathways of head and neck Pathways in the head involve ____ pairs of ganglia and employ branches of CN ____ to deliver postganglionic axons to their target organs

Answer 50

four | V

Question 51

CN III ``` MIDBRAIN - Nucleus of ____ > Inferior branch of the ____ > CILIARY GANGLION VIA SHORT CILIARY NERVES FROM CN ____ > ____ MUSCLE ```

Answer 51

``` III edinger-westphal oculomotor N V1 pupillary constrictor ciliary ```

Question 52

CN IX ``` MEDULLA ____ Nucleus > ____ NERVE > ____ GANGLION > VIA AURICULO- TEMPORAL N. from ____ > ____ GLAND ```

Answer 52

``` inferior salivatory lesser petrosal otic CN V3 parotid ```

Question 53

CN VII TWO PATHWAYS ``` PONS ____ Nucleus > ____ NERVE > ____ GANGLION > VIA BRANCHES OF CN____ > • ____ GLAND • NASAL AND PARANASAL MUCOSA • ____ ``` ``` PONS ____ Nucleus > ____ > ____ GANGLION > VIA LINGUAL NERVE (CN ____) > ____ AND ____ SALIVARY GLANDS ```

Answer 53

``` superior salivatory greater petrosal pterygo-palatine V2 lacrimal palate ``` ``` superior salivatory corda tympani submandibular V3 submandibular sublingual ```

Question 54

GREATER PETROSAL NERVE Conveys secretomotor fibers which, after synapsing in the ____ ganglion, innervate the ____ GLAND, NASAL and PARANASAL ____ and ____ GLANDS

Answer 54

pterygopalatine lacrimal mucosa palatine

Question 55

Chorda Tympani Conveys secretomotor fibers which synapse in the ____ ganglion and innervate the ____ and ____ SALIVARY GLANDS

Answer 55

submandibular submandibular sublingual

Question 56

CN X - the VAGUS NERVE provides parasympathetic innervation to ____, ____ and ____ VISCERA

Answer 56

cervical thoracic upper GI

Question 57

CN X ``` MEDULLA ____ nucleus of vagus > ____ > ____ GANGLIA > MUCOSA of ____ and ____ OR ____ AND LUNGS OR GUT, ____, BILIARY TREE ```

Answer 57

``` dorsal motor vagus terminal (enteric) larynx pharynx heart pancreas ```

Question 58

In order to reach the thorax and abdomen, CN X courses through the deep neck within the ____ As CN X approaches the ____, it contributes branches to both ____ and ____

Answer 58

carotid sheath mediastinum cardiac plexus pulmonary plexus

Question 59

The ____ PLEXUS is located on the underside of the aortic arch The ____ PLEXUS is located on the tracheal bifurcation

Answer 59

superficial cardiac | deep cardiac

Question 60

Preganglionic vagal cardiac fibers synapse in small ganglia along the coronary arteries (____ plexus) PARASYMPATHETIC INPUTS to the ____ PLEXUS result in the following: • Deceleration of ____ rate • Reduction in strength of ____ contraction • ____ of coronary arteries.

Answer 60

``` coronary cardiac heart myocardial vasoconstriction ```

Question 61

As we continue inferiorly, the ESOPHAGEAL PLEXUS is formed by ____ and ____ fibers along the esophagus in the ____ As they approach the diaphragm and abdomen, the vagal fibers reconstitute as ____ and ____ TRUNKS which pass through the ____

Answer 61

vagal sympathetic posterior mediastinum anterior posterior vagal esophageal hiatus

Question 62

Upon entering the abdomen, the vagal trunks provide ____ innervation to abdominal viscera derived from the ____ AND ____ These fibers will synapse in ganglia of the ____ and ____ of the gut

Answer 62

preganglionic parasympathetic embryonic foregut midgut myenteric submucosal plexuses

Question 63

VISCERAL AFFERENT fibers, many of which convey sensations of ____, also course along with ____ nerves Some of these visceral afferents also convey physiologic sensations arising from... ____ responding to distension in the walls of the GI tract, respiratory structures and the urinary bladder as well as ____ in arteries ``` Chemoreceptors responding to changes in: 1. partial pressure of ____ and ____ in the blood, 2. blood ____; and 3. the concentration of ____ ions in the stomach ```

Answer 63

visceral pain parasympathetic mechanoreceptors baroreceptors O2 CO2 pH hydrogen

Question 64

Recall that the ANS is regulated by higher CNS centers Descending hypothalamic axons arise from neurons in the posterior hypothalamus and synapse with ____ neurons in the ____ cell columns from ____

Answer 64

preganglionic sympathetic intermediolateral T1-L2

Question 65

In the SYMPATHETIC DIVISION... The preganglionic neuron cell bodies are located in the ____ horns of the [???]

Answer 65

intermediolateral

Question 66

The preganglionic sympathetic axons leave the spinal cord in the ____ roots of the ____ spinal nerves, then exit the vertebral canal on the ____ spinal nerves Thus the sympathetic division is referred to as a ____

Answer 66

ventral T1-L2 T1-L2 thoracolumbar system

Question 67

Preganglionic sympathetic axons leaving the cord via the T1- L2 spinal nerves head for ____ chains of interconnected ganglia called the ____ These lie in the ____ along each side of the spine The trunks extend from the base of the ____ to the ____

Answer 67

bilateral sympathetic trunks paravertebral gutters skull coccyx

Question 68

THE GANGLIA IN THE CHAINS ARE KNOWN AS | ____

Answer 68

paravertebral ganglia

Question 69

After traversing their intervertebral foramina, the T1- L2 spinal nerves send ____ SYMPATHETICS to the chain via ____

Answer 69

preganglionic | white communicating rami

Question 70

There are actually four potential fates available to PREGANGLIONIC SYMPATHETICS reaching the SYMPATHETIC CHAINS via these white rami: They may enter the chain and synapse at the ____ ganglion They may ____ the chain and synapse to a more ____ ganglion They may ____ the chain and synapse at a more ____ ganglion They may pass through the chain without ____.

Answer 70

``` nearest ascend superior descend inferior synapsing ```

Question 71

IF SYNAPSE DOES OCCUR IN THE CHAIN... Many, but not all, POSTGANGLIONIC SYMPATHETICS rejoin spinal nerves for distribution to the body wall via ____

Answer 71

grey communicating rami

Question 72

____ spinal nerves will receive some POSTGANGLIONIC SYMPATHETIC fibers via ____ COMMUNICANTES WHY? Because these fibers supply body wall structures requiring ____ innervation

Answer 72

all gray rami autonomic

Question 73

Body wall structures receiving sympathetic innervation ____ glands Arrectores pilli – The ____ muscles of the hair follicles Vascular smooth muscle – Sympathetic stimulus causes ____ of the arterioles of the skin and viscera, (with the exception of the ____ arteries) and ____ of arterioles in skeletal muscle Note that with the exception of the coronary arteries, these structures are NOT dually innervated by the ____

Answer 73

``` sweat smooth vasoconstriction coronary vasodilation ANS ```

Question 74

SO, while white and gray rami are both associated with ____ spinal nerves only, GRAY RAMI ARE FOUND WITH ALL ____ NERVES

Answer 74

T1-L2 | all

Question 75

IF SYNAPSE DOES OCCUR IN THE CHAIN... 2 Some postganglionic fibers arising from neurons in CERVICAL and UPPER THORACIC GANGLIA will leave the chains as ____ BRANCHES to ____ and ____ viscera (e.g. ____, LUNGS, AND ____)

Answer 75

``` direct visceral cervical thoracic heart esophagus ```

Question 76

Sympathetic inputs to cardiac plexus... • Increase ____ • Increase the force of ____ contraction • ____ coronary arteries

Answer 76

heart rate myocardial vasodilate

Question 77

These DIRECT VISCERAL BRANCHES also convey ____ fibers from viscera to cervical and upper thoracic spinal nerves via the ____ RAMI These pain afferents may stimulate ____ fibers in the ____ roots of these spinal nerves and produce ____ in the body wall or extremities

Answer 77

GVA white communicating GSA dorsal "referred pain"

Question 78

A lack of oxygen to the myocardium (____) may produce ____ PAIN

Answer 78

ischemia | referred cardiac

Question 79

IF SYNAPSE DOES OCCUR IN THE CHAIN... 3 Many postganglionic axons arising from ____ GANGLIA will leave the sympathetic chains and form a ____ PLEXUS on the ____ ARTERIES and their branches to reach ____ and ____ targets

Answer 79

``` cervical periarterial carotid cranial cervical ```

Question 80

Preganglionic sympathetic innervation of the head arises from the ____ CORD SEGMENTS These fibers ascend thru the ____ sympathetic chain and synapse in the ____ GANGLION

Answer 80

T1-T2 cervical superior cervical

Question 81

Postganglionic sympathetic innervation of the head arises from the ____

Answer 81

superior cervical ganglion

Question 82

Interruption of these sympathetic pathways produces an ____ Horner’s Syndrome ____ droopy eyelid ____ fixed, constricted pupil ____ absence of sweating SYMPTOMS WILL PRESENT DIFFERENTLY DEPENDING UPON THE ____ OF THE LESION

Answer 82

ipsilateral ptosis miosis anhidrosis location

Question 83

NOW RECALL THAT SOME PREGANGLIONIC SYMPATHETICS PASS THROUGH THE CHAINS WITHOUT SYNAPSING... Bundles of preganglionic sympathetic axons which exit the chain without synapsing are called ____ NERVES These fibers will synapse in ____ or ____ ganglia located anterior to the ____ and ____

Answer 83

``` splanchnic collateral prevertebral abdominal aorta common iliac ```

Question 84

THORACIC SPLANCHNIC NERVES These nerves contain ____ fibers destined for the ____

Answer 84

preganglionic sympathetic | abdomen

Question 85

Thoracic splanchnic nerves pierce the ____ and seek synapse on neurons in ____ GANGLIA A limited number pass through these ganglia and synapse in the ____

Answer 85

diaphragm preaortic (prevertebral) adrenal medulla

Question 86

Postganglionic sympathetic fibers arising from the prevertebral ganglia reach their visceral targets by forming a ____ PLEXUS along arteries arising from the ____

Answer 86

periarterial | abdominal aorta

Question 87

Upon reaching the GI tract, these postganglionic sympathetic fibers contribute to formation of the ____ NERVOUS SYSTEM within the walls of GI structures from the ____ to the ____ canal in which they Facilitate contraction of ____ and Inhibit both ____ and ____ secretion

Answer 87

``` enteric esophagus anal smooth muscle sphincters peristalsis glandular ```

Question 88

In the abdomen and pelvis, VISCERAL AFFERENTS accompanying sympathetic nerves also transmit ____ from... - ____ stimulated by excessive distension of a part of the GI tract or bladder - Strong contractions of ____ muscle in the wall of a visceral structure such as the ____

Answer 88

pain nociceptors smooth uterus

Question 89

SPLANCHNICS convey these ____ fibers from viscera to the ____ ROOTS of spinal nerves ____ via the ____ RAMI These pain afferents may stimulate ____ fibers in the dorsal roots of these nerves and produce ____ PAIN

Answer 89

GVA dorsal T5-L2 white communicating GSA reffered abdominopelvic

Question 90

Pain from abdominopelvic viscera is also consistently referred to ____ of the body wall

Answer 90

specific regions