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BDS3 ORTHODONTICS > 6 - Facial growth > Flashcards

6 - Facial growth Flashcards

1
Q

When does the neural groove form?

A

25 days

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2
Q

When does the neural tube close?

A

4 weeks

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3
Q

What is the importance of the migration of the neural crest cells?

A

Development of the face

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4
Q

What causes spina bifida?

A

If the neural folds do not fuse at the end of 3 weeks

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5
Q

What are the neural crest cells derived from?

A

Ectomesenchyme

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6
Q

What dental tissues are derived from ectomesenchyme?

A
  • pulp
  • dentine
  • cementum
  • PDL
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7
Q

When does only growth of the embryo begin?

A

8 weeks

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8
Q

When does formation of the face begin?

A

First 8 weeks

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9
Q

Why can cleft lip and palate occur independently?

A

The upper lip and anterior palate are formed from different origins to that of the posterior palate

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10
Q

What is derived from a pharyngeal arch?

A
  • nerve
  • vein
  • artery
  • muscles
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11
Q

What nerve is associated with the first pharyngeal arch?

A

Trigeminal

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12
Q

What nerve is associated with the second pharyngeal arch?

A

Facial

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13
Q

What cartilage is associated with the first pharyngeal arch?

A

Meckel’s cartilage

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14
Q

What cartilage is associated with the second pharyngeal arch?

A

Reichart’s cartilage

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15
Q

How does the mandible grow?

A

Intramembranous ossification

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16
Q

How does the base of the skull grow?

A

Endochondral ossification

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17
Q

How does the vault of the skull grow?

A

Intramembranous ossification

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18
Q

What stimulates growth of the condylar unit of the mandible?

A

Growth of the condyle

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19
Q

What stimulates growth of the angular unit of the mandible?

A

Growth of masseter and lateral pterygoid

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20
Q

What stimulates growth of the coronoid unit of the mandible?

A

Development of the temporalis muscle

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21
Q

What stimulates growth of the alveolar unit of the mandible?

A

Only develops if teeth are present

22
Q

What stimulates growth of the body of the mandible?

A

Inferior alveolar nerve

23
Q

What are the 3 secondary sites of cartilage formation in the mandible?

A
  • condylar
  • coronoid
  • symphyseal
24
Q

When does the coronoid cartilage disappear?

A

Before birth

25
When does the symphyseal cartilage disappear?
Just after birth
26
When does the growth finish in the condylar cartilage?
20 years
27
Define a primary abnormality.
Defect in structure of organ that can be traced back to an anomaly in its development
28
Give an example of a primary abnormality.
- spina bifida - cleft lip - congenital heart disease
29
Define a secondary abnormality.
Interruption of normal development of an organ that can be traced back to other influences
30
Give an example of a cause of a secondary abnormality.
- infection eg rubella virus - trauma eg amniotic bands
31
Define deformation.
Anomalies that occur due to outer mechanical effects on existing structures
32
Define agenesia.
Absence of organ due to failed development in embryonic period
33
Define sequence in relation to development.
Single factor results in numerous secondary effects eg Piere-Robin syndrome
34
Define syndrome.
Group of anomalies that can be traced to a common origin eg trisomy 21 causes downs syndrome
35
Give examples of facial syndromes that cause maxillary hypoplasia.
- apert's sydrome - croutons syndrome - achondroplasia - downs syndrome - foetal alcohol syndrome - cleft lip/palate
36
Give examples of facial syndromes that cause mandibular problems.
- treachers Collins syndrome - Pierre-robin - stickers syndrome - turner's syndrome - hemifacial microsomia
37
What are symptoms of foetal alcohol syndrome?
- microcephaly - short palpebral fissures - short nose - long upper lip with no philtrum - small midface - small mandible - mild learning disability
38
What are symptoms of hemifacial microsomia?
- progressive facial asymmetry - spectrum of severity ranging from smaller mandible and zygomatic arch to complete absence of condyle - associated with deafness, cardiac and renal problems
39
What causes hemifacial microsomia?
- multifactorial - affected by neural crest cells not migrating forward properly
40
What are symptoms of treacher collins syndrome?
- anti-monogloid slant of palpebral fissures - coloboma of lower lid outer 1/3 (drooping) - hypolastic or absent zygomatic arches - hypoplastic mandible - deformed pinna - associated with conductive deafness
41
What causes treachers collins syndrome?
Autosomal dominant condition
42
When does cleft lip occur IU?
Days 28-38
43
When does cleft palate occur IU?
Days 42-55
44
What are the different types of cleft lip and palate?
- unilateral cleft lip extending to nose - unilateral cleft lip and alveolus - bilateral cleft lip and alveolus - isolated cleft palate - cleft palate and cleft lip
45
What is the aetiology of cleft lip and palate?
- family patterns - associated with many syndromes - social deprivation - smoking - alcohol - anti-epileptics - vitamin deficiency
46
What are the dental features of cleft lip and palate?
- impacted teeth - crowding - hypodontia - supernumeraries - hypoplastic teeth - caries
47
When are cleft lips closed?
6-9 weeks
48
When are cleft palates closed?
9 months
49
What is achondroplasia?
- lack of cartilage for endocondral growth of bones - defects in long bones - usually causes dwarfism - causes defects in base of skull, middle third of face (nasal cartilage)
50
What is crouzon's syndrome?
- premature closer of cranial sutures (coronal and lambdoid) - causes shallow orbits, retusion and vertical shortening of midface - class III occlusion with narrow spaced teeth
51
How is croutons treated?
Distraction osteogenesis (bones broken and pulled apart to encourage new growth)
52
What is apert's syndrome?
- premature closure of all cranial sutures - wide eyes, maxillary hypoplasia - class III malocclusion, AOB, narrow spaced teeth - fingers and toes are fused - conductive deafness

BDS3 ORTHODONTICS (10 decks)

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