6- Disorders of the vascular system

Question 1

What is ischamia

Answer 1

It is the result of impaired blood supply to a tissue, due to consequent hypoxia

hyopoxia-low oxygen in blood

Question 2

What is infarction

Answer 2

death (necrosis) of tissue as a result of ischaemia

Question 3

Which vascular diseases cause ischaemia

Answer 3

• Thrombosis
• Embolism
• Compression
• Vasculitis
• Atheroma
  Clots and Thrombi

Question 4

What is homeostasis

Answer 4

the body’s natural process of stopping blood after an injury. Forms a blood clot to seal the damage - formation of fibrin clot

Question 5

When do blood clots form and features

Answer 5

outside the body, or in the body after death
clots are deep red, or (if settled) have lower deep red layer and upper clear layer

Question 6

When do thrombus form

HOW? something damages the inner lining of your blood vessel ( endothelium) or slows blood flow

Answer 6

within the vascular system, and only during life (Can break loose and cause embolisms)
thrombi are often laminated with variable red/white layers (more red if venous; more white if arterial)

Question 7

What are the causes of thrombosis

Virchows triad

ABF,ABC, AVS

Answer 7

Virchow’s Triad
- Abnormal blood flow – Atherosclerosis. Venous stasis slowing of blood.
- Abnormal blood constituents
- Abnormal vessel surfaces – Trauma to wall/ Inflammatory conditions

Question 8

What are the consequences of thrombosis

Answer 8

Embolisms (Can travel through the bloodstream and made of different materials) also caused by air bubbles
In arteries
- Ischaemic stroke
- Myocardial infarction
In veins
- Deep vein thrombosis – Can break loose and cause an embolism (Post thrombotic syndrome LT damage to veins)
- Pulmonary embolism – blocks pulmonary artery.
Can lead to formation of scars within blood vessels restricting blood flow. Sometimes may resolve after lysis (only if its small)

Question 9

What is infarction

Answer 9

Ischaemic death (necrosis) of tissue e.g. heart (myocardial infarction); brain (cerebral infarction)
Infarcts elicit an inflammatory response
- In some tissues, ischaemic necrosis may result from impaired vascular flow short of total cessation

Question 10

What is atherosclerosis (atheroma)

Answer 10

A build up of cholesterol, fatty substances, calcium forms in arteries  Narrow arteries.

Question 11

What are the risk factors of Atherosclerosis (Atheroma)

Answer 11

↑age, High cholesterol, hypertension, smoking and diabetes mellitis.

Question 12

What are the causes of Atherosclerosis (Atheroma)

CPA

Answer 12

Coronary artery diseases, Peripheral artery disease, Aortic aneurysms

Question 13

What are aneurysms

bulging in……………
causes …………….
requires………….

Answer 13

A bulging in the wall of an artery. Can cause life threatening bleeding and requires immediate attention if bursts

Question 14

What are the causes of aneurysms

high risk if- Ehlers-Danlos syndrome or Marfan syndrome

Answer 14

glaucoma changes in IOP, hypertension, diabetes Mellitus, Flame shaped haemorrhages and oedema

Question 15

What is hypertension

Answer 15

High blood pressure caused by atherosclerosis, diabetes or other issues.

Question 16

What is endothelial dysfunction and what can it cause

Answer 16

cause damage to the inner lining of blood vessels This can result in impaired vasodilation and increased inflammation

Question 17

What is increased stiffness

Answer 17

Cause the walls of blood vessels to become stiff and less elastic. This can increase resistance to blood flow and raise blood pressure even further

Question 18

What is arteriosclerosis

Answer 18

walls of arteries become narrow thickened and hardened.

Question 19

What can renal damage lead to

Answer 19

reduced kidney function and an increased risk of kidney disease

Question 20

How is vision affected by hypertension

Answer 20

Hypertension can damage the blood vessels in the eyes.

Question 21

Hypertension can cause..
VAARIE

Answer 21

endothelial dysfunction
increased stiffness
aneurysms
arteriosclerosis
renal damage
vision loss

Question 22

What is diabetes

Answer 22

Elevated blood glucose levels due to lack or use of insulin and lead to diabetic vascular disease

Question 23

What can diabetes cause

EAMIBC

Answer 23

• Endothelial dysfunction: less effective in dilating and constricting.
• Atherosclerosis
• Microvascular damage: damage small blood vessels, especially those supplying the eyes, kidneys, and nerves. This damage can cause a range of complications such as retinopathy (vision loss), nephropathy (kidney disease), and neuropathy (nerve damage).
• Increased inflammation:
• Blood clotting abnormalities
• Cataracts/glacauma

Question 24

What is arteritis

Answer 24

Refers to inflammation of arteries.
Giant cell (temporal, or cranial) arteritis can affect the ophthalmic and retinal arteries
The arterial wall is thickened and its lumen is reduced to a thin channel

Question 25

What can arteritis lead to

Answer 25

retinal ischaemia and infarction and/or anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy

Question 26

What are the vascular disease of the brain

HITV

Answer 26

Ischamic stroke
Haemorrhagic stroke
TIA
Vascular dementia

Question 27

What is ischaemic stroke

Answer 27

This is the most common type. It occurs when a blood vessel in the brain is blocked, usually by a blood clot, leading to damage and loss of brain function. Symptoms of an ischemic stroke can include weakness or paralysis on one side of the body, difficulty speaking or understanding speech, and vision problems.

Question 28

What is a hemorrhagic stroke

Answer 28

This type of stroke occurs when a blood vessel in the brain ruptures, causing bleeding in the brain tissue. This can lead to damage and loss of brain function. Symptoms of a hemorrhagic stroke can include severe headache, nausea and vomiting, and loss of consciousness.

Question 29

What is a transient ischaemic attack (TIA)

TIAs are often called “mini-strokes” because they are usually brief and resolve on their own, but they can be a warning sign of a more serious stroke.

Answer 29

This is a temporary blockage of blood flow to the brain, usually caused by a blood clot.

Symptoms
-weakness or numbness on one side of the body
-difficulty speaking or understanding speech
- vision problems.

Question 30

What is vascular dementia

Answer 30

This is a type of dementia that occurs as a result of damage to the blood vessels in the brain. It can cause memory loss, confusion, and difficulty with tasks that require planning and organization.

Question 31

When do vascular diseases of the eye occur

Answer 31

Major cause of visual impairment from middle age onwards.

Question 32

What are the types of vascular eye disease

RI RH

Answer 32

Retinal ischaemia
Retinal haemorrhages

Question 33

What is retinal ischamia caused by

Answer 33

atheroma, vasculitis, thrombosis, or embolism

Question 34

What are retinal haemorrhages caused

Answer 34

they are associated with trauma and infection, but most common in diabetic and hypertensive retinopathy.