6- Disorders of the vascular system Flashcards
What is ischamia
It is the result of impaired blood supply to a tissue, due to consequent hypoxia
hyopoxia-low oxygen in blood
What is infarction
death (necrosis) of tissue as a result of ischaemia
Which vascular diseases cause ischaemia
- Thrombosis
- Embolism
- Compression
- Vasculitis
- Atheroma
Clots and Thrombi
What is homeostasis
the body’s natural process of stopping blood after an injury. Forms a blood clot to seal the damage - formation of fibrin clot
When do blood clots form and features
outside the body, or in the body after death
clots are deep red, or (if settled) have lower deep red layer and upper clear layer
When do thrombus form
HOW? something damages the inner lining of your blood vessel ( endothelium) or slows blood flow
within the vascular system, and only during life (Can break loose and cause embolisms)
thrombi are often laminated with variable red/white layers (more red if venous; more white if arterial)
What are the causes of thrombosis
Virchows triad
ABF,ABC, AVS
Virchow’s Triad
- Abnormal blood flow – Atherosclerosis. Venous stasis slowing of blood.
- Abnormal blood constituents
- Abnormal vessel surfaces – Trauma to wall/ Inflammatory conditions
What are the consequences of thrombosis
Embolisms (Can travel through the bloodstream and made of different materials) also caused by air bubbles
In arteries
- Ischaemic stroke
- Myocardial infarction
In veins
- Deep vein thrombosis – Can break loose and cause an embolism (Post thrombotic syndrome LT damage to veins)
- Pulmonary embolism – blocks pulmonary artery.
Can lead to formation of scars within blood vessels restricting blood flow. Sometimes may resolve after lysis (only if its small)
What is infarction
Ischaemic death (necrosis) of tissue e.g. heart (myocardial infarction); brain (cerebral infarction)
Infarcts elicit an inflammatory response
- In some tissues, ischaemic necrosis may result from impaired vascular flow short of total cessation
What is atherosclerosis (atheroma)
A build up of cholesterol, fatty substances, calcium forms in arteries Narrow arteries.
What are the risk factors of Atherosclerosis (Atheroma)
↑age, High cholesterol, hypertension, smoking and diabetes mellitis.
What are the causes of Atherosclerosis (Atheroma)
CPA
Coronary artery diseases, Peripheral artery disease, Aortic aneurysms
What are aneurysms
bulging in……………
causes …………….
requires………….
A bulging in the wall of an artery. Can cause life threatening bleeding and requires immediate attention if bursts
What are the causes of aneurysms
high risk if- Ehlers-Danlos syndrome or Marfan syndrome
glaucoma changes in IOP, hypertension, diabetes Mellitus, Flame shaped haemorrhages and oedema
What is hypertension
High blood pressure caused by atherosclerosis, diabetes or other issues.
What is endothelial dysfunction and what can it cause
cause damage to the inner lining of blood vessels This can result in impaired vasodilation and increased inflammation
What is increased stiffness
Cause the walls of blood vessels to become stiff and less elastic. This can increase resistance to blood flow and raise blood pressure even further
What is arteriosclerosis
walls of arteries become narrow thickened and hardened.
What can renal damage lead to
reduced kidney function and an increased risk of kidney disease
How is vision affected by hypertension
Hypertension can damage the blood vessels in the eyes.
Hypertension can cause..
VAARIE
endothelial dysfunction
increased stiffness
aneurysms
arteriosclerosis
renal damage
vision loss
What is diabetes
Elevated blood glucose levels due to lack or use of insulin and lead to diabetic vascular disease
What can diabetes cause
EAMIBC
- Endothelial dysfunction: less effective in dilating and constricting.
- Atherosclerosis
- Microvascular damage: damage small blood vessels, especially those supplying the eyes, kidneys, and nerves. This damage can cause a range of complications such as retinopathy (vision loss), nephropathy (kidney disease), and neuropathy (nerve damage).
- Increased inflammation:
- Blood clotting abnormalities
- Cataracts/glacauma
What is arteritis
Refers to inflammation of arteries.
Giant cell (temporal, or cranial) arteritis can affect the ophthalmic and retinal arteries
The arterial wall is thickened and its lumen is reduced to a thin channel
What can arteritis lead to
retinal ischaemia and infarction and/or anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy
What are the vascular disease of the brain
HITV
Ischamic stroke
Haemorrhagic stroke
TIA
Vascular dementia
What is ischaemic stroke
This is the most common type. It occurs when a blood vessel in the brain is blocked, usually by a blood clot, leading to damage and loss of brain function. Symptoms of an ischemic stroke can include weakness or paralysis on one side of the body, difficulty speaking or understanding speech, and vision problems.
What is a hemorrhagic stroke
This type of stroke occurs when a blood vessel in the brain ruptures, causing bleeding in the brain tissue. This can lead to damage and loss of brain function. Symptoms of a hemorrhagic stroke can include severe headache, nausea and vomiting, and loss of consciousness.
What is a transient ischaemic attack (TIA)
TIAs are often called “mini-strokes” because they are usually brief and resolve on their own, but they can be a warning sign of a more serious stroke.
This is a temporary blockage of blood flow to the brain, usually caused by a blood clot.
Symptoms
-weakness or numbness on one side of the body
-difficulty speaking or understanding speech
- vision problems.
What is vascular dementia
This is a type of dementia that occurs as a result of damage to the blood vessels in the brain. It can cause memory loss, confusion, and difficulty with tasks that require planning and organization.
When do vascular diseases of the eye occur
Major cause of visual impairment from middle age onwards.
What are the types of vascular eye disease
RI RH
Retinal ischaemia
Retinal haemorrhages
What is retinal ischamia caused by
atheroma, vasculitis, thrombosis, or embolism
What are retinal haemorrhages caused
they are associated with trauma and infection, but most common in diabetic and hypertensive retinopathy.
