6. Community Acquired Pneumonias Flashcards

1
Q

Alphabet Soup for Pneumonia
• HAP: Hospital-acquired pneumonia – ≥ ____ h from admission
• VAP: Ventilator-associated pneumonia – ≥ ____ h from endotracheal intubation
• HCAP: ____
– Long-term care facility (NH), hemodialysis, ____, wound care, etc.
• CAP: Community-acquired pneumonia – ____

A
48
48
healthcare-associated pneumoni
outpatient chemo
outside of hospital or extended-care facility
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2
Q

Body surfaces and their normal microbial flora

TAKE A LOOK

A

yah

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3
Q

Defective pulmonary defense mechanisms and disease

So what makes someone develop pneumonia?
• Will see if look at who gets pneumonia - its really a breakdown of these things
◦ If patient comes into hospital he doesn’t go through each of these unless it comes up a lot

Mechanical:
• Impair gag/cough: if intubated - placed on mechanical ventilation then bypass your coughing or gag
reflex - why ____ is important b/c you bypass those defenses

Reads slide for nasal hairs turbinates (both the pathological condition and manifestations)

Immune system: innate and adaptive (can’t forget it after 1st year, always comes back)

Innate:
• neutrophils - patients on chemo or neutropenic
◦ Invasive aspergillosis = very serious ____ infection
• Phagocytes, complement, and defenses caused by many different conditions

Adaptive:
• CD4 cells is the big one - for ____.
◦ Helper cell so orchestrates entire immune system
‣ so not just CD4, CD8, and antibodies - rather everything gets impacted here
More and more we are now treating diseases with immune modulators
◦ Will see people on rituximab and monoclonal antibodies - will see more and more of that

A

VAP
fungal
HIV

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4
Q

The likelihood of infection is determined by the balance of these factors:

____: ability to damage tissue

____:

Host defenses
____: integrity of barriers ease of drainage
____
____

A
organism virulence
inoculum size
anatomic
innate immunity
acquired immunity
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5
Q

What exactly is pneumonia?

  • inflammation of the ____, in this case caused by infection
  • ____/diffuse
  • ____/interstitial
  • +/- n____ or abscess formation
  • when the inflammation is alveolar, it results in ____ (“solidification”) of the pulmonary parenchyma
  • resolution with or without scarring
  • associated with
  • infection of ____ (empyema) • infection of ____
  • ____ syndrome
  • infection of ____
A
pulmonary parenchyma
focal
alveolar
necrosis
consolidation
pleural fluid
bloodstream
sepsis
distant sites
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6
Q

Pneumonia
defined: inflammation of the lung with ____ and ____.
• We’ll only speak about infectious causes of pneumonia today.

Community Acquired Pneumonia (CAP) best defined by what it’s not:
– Nosocomial (hospital-acquired) pneumonia: >____ hours after admission to a hospital (not developing at admission)
• ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP); develops >____ hours after endotracheal intubation
– healthcare-associated pneumonia (HCAP): develops in a ____ pt with extensive healthcare contact (eg, in- ____; dialysis; residence in a nursing home or other long-term care facilities; recent >____ hour hospitalization within past ____ days)
– chronic pneumonia: symptoms > ____ weeks (no relation to ____)

     CAP ≡ \_\_\_\_ pneumonia (ie, none of the above)
A

consolidation
exudation

48
48-72
non-hospitalized
home nursing care
48
90
2
hospital/home setting

acute

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7
Q

CAP – Pathogenesis

• ____ are the 3 main mechanisms by which bacteria reaches the lungs

A

inhalation
aspiration
hematogenous spread

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8
Q

Pathogenesis

• Primary inhalation: when organisms bypass normal ____ mechanisms or when the Pt inhales ____ organisms that colonize the ____ or respiratory support equipment
• Aspiration: occurs when the Pt aspirates ____ upper respiratory tract secretions
• Hematogenous: originate from a ____ source and reach the lungs via the ____
– ____

A
respiratoyr defense
aerobic organisms
upper respiratory tract
colonized
distant
blood stream
endocarditis
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9
Q

Pneumonia is common and deadly.
____ million cases of pneumonia occur yearly in the US. Almost ____% will be hospitalized.
____% of those hospitalized will die.

A

5
20
15

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10
Q

Epidemiology
Conditions predisposed to pneumonia:

  • ____
  • HIV
  • ____
  • diabetes
  • ____
  • liver disease
  • ____
  • transplant
  • ____
  • neurologic disease
A
lung disease
heart disease
elderly
chemotherapy
renal failure
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11
Q

Section summary
• Even though the lungs are sterile, precariously perched above them is a veritable cesspool of potential pathogens, the ____ and the potential ____ of which determining the likelihood and the expression of pneumonia. Vive la toux!
• The fact that pneumonia remains so common and deadly is a testament to the unrelenting success of our medical interventions: it is a shining surrogate for non-pneumonia mortality averted….

A

virulence

inoculum size

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12
Q

Clinical Presentation
____, cough, ____, pleuritic ____
Sudden ____

exceptions exist ….
for example: the ____ may present with fever and altered mental status alone
(many other exceptions; clinical experience will guide)

A
fever
dyspnea
chest pain
onset
elderly
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13
Q

Clinical Presentation

sputum production

productive:
“green,gray;
yellow, white”
tends to be ____ or ____

Productive: clear
or
non-productive
tends to be ____

A

lobar
bronchopneumonia
interstitial

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14
Q

Clinical Presentation
physical exam: ____
____
____

A

consolidation
tachypnea
tachycardia

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15
Q

How typical is the “typical presentation”?

• 80% have the “____” symptoms
• cough seen in 80%; ____ of sputum in 60-80%
– attenuated by pain, ____

• frequent presence of non-respiratory (nonspecific) symptoms:
– ____, anorexia, ____, diarrhea

• who doesn’t have classic symptoms?
– elderly more likely to have only ____ symptoms,
• failure to ____, decompensation of underlying disease, ____
– those with altered ____, underlying liver disease, ____ failure, CHF, ____ disease (ie, organ decompensation)

• PE - ____, tachycardia common
– ____in 80%
– signs of consolidation (____, dullness to percussion) in only ____%

A

classic
productive
splinting

fatigue
diarrhea

nonrespiratory
thrive
confusion
mental status
renal
lung

tachypnea
rales
egophony
30

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16
Q

Establishing the diagnosis

Establishing the presence of pneumonia requires both:
____
____ = infiltrate

• A clinical picture of pneumonia, without an infiltrate on CXR, should be considered ____ (though the patient’s overall ____ should be considered)

A

compatible clinical picture
chest radiograph
bronchitis

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17
Q

what is the radiographic finding diagnostic for bronchitis?

TAKE A LOOK

A

yah

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18
Q

Infiltrate Patterns

Lobar
Possible diagnosis:
____, Kleb, ____,

Patchy
Possible diagnosis:
____, viral, ____

Interstitial
Possible diagnosis:
____, PCP, ____

Cavitary (gas filled space within a zone of pulmonary consolidation or within a mass or nodule)
Possible diagnosis:
____, Kleb, ____, S. aureus, ____

Large effusion
Possible diagnosis:
____, anaerobes, ____

A

s. pneumo
h. flu
atypicals
legionella
viral
legionella
anaerobes
TB
fungi
staph
kleb

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19
Q

Acute Bronchitis: self-limited inflammation of the bronchi due to ____ airway infection

  • Presentation: 5 days of ____, usually with sputum production; ____ occasionally present
  • Bronchitis is one of the ____ reasons for patients to visit their physician, accounting for 10 million visits per year (~twice the prevalence of ____); ~____% of the population in any given year will be diagnosed with acute bronchitis
  • Inappropriate prescription of antibiotics for bronchitis are a major contributor to the development of ____, as well as increasing the risk of drug- associated ____, and increasing ____
A

upper
cough
fever

top 10
CAP
5

drug resistance
adverse effects
health care costs

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20
Q

Acute Bronchitis
• there is ____ (in extensive literature) for treating bronchitis with antibiotics
– about 2/3 of people who seek care for bronchitis are given ____, which contributes to rising levels of ____ in the community

• exceptions:
– ____ (whooping cough, ____) is the only agent for which evidence supports antibiotic treatment (specifically to decrease transmission)
• Considerations: ____, influenza
• microbiology: ____; and the same bacteria that can cause ____

A

no support
antibiotics
antibiotic resistance

pertussis
bordetella pertussis
COPD
respiratory viruses
pneumonia
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21
Q

Establishing the microbiologic diagnosis of pneumonia

• The yield of methods to identify a specific organism is ____: ____% in clinical practice,
and only ____% in clinical studies.
• Sputum cultures have a yield of ____%.
• Blood cultures have a yield of ____%.

A
low
20
60
20-50
10-20
22
Q

Microbiologic Diagnosis

____ is prepared and examined under the microscope&raquo_space;> specimen is also ____ to appropriate media for ____

expectorated sputum (\_\_\_\_ cough only)
induced sputum (\_\_\_\_)
A
sputum smear
plated
growth
deep
nebulized saline
23
Q

Interpretation of sputum specimens

assessment of quality of specimen: proportion of ____ cells

interpretation of gram stain
gram ____, gram ____, etc.
wait for culture (____ hours)

A

wbc’s to epithelial
positive cocci
negative rods
24-48

24
Q

Section summary

  • There is a typical appearance of CAP, but one must have a ____ of suspicion in some cases
  • Making the correct distinction between CAP and bronchitis is a critical step in reducing unnecessary ____ and cost
  • The ____ diagnosis of CAP is difficult (but pays dividends if it’s made); testing requires shrewd interpretation
A

high index
antibiotic exposure
microbiologic

25
Q

Time and the Microbiology Lab

admission: 0
\_\_\_\_: 1 hour
\_\_\_\_: 6 hours
\_\_\_\_: 24 hours
\_\_\_\_: 48 hours
A

CXR
gram stain
organism identification
antimicrobial susceptibility

26
Q

Pathogens of Acute Pneumonia
…even simpler (?)

Bacterial
\_\_\_\_
Legionella pneumophila 
\_\_\_\_ 
Chlamydia pneumoniae

____
Enterobacteriaceae

____

(Pseudomonas)

A

step pneumoniae
mycoplasma pneumoniae
drug resistant strep pneumoniae (DRSP)
(staph aureus)

27
Q

Pathogens

• Typical versus atypical bacteria
– Typical- ____, Haemophilus influenzae, ____, group A streptococci, ____, anaerobes, and ____ bacteria.

– Atypical- ____, M pneumoniae, ____, and C. psittaci

A

s. pneumoniae
staphylococcus aureus
moraxella catarrhalis
aeorbic gram negative

legionella spp
c pneumoniae

28
Q

Staph aureus

• S aureus pneumonia that is community acquired is usually seen in ____ adults and in younger patient recovering from ____ (post influenza pneumonia).
– The ____ remains the most frequent pathogen post influenza

A

older
influenza
pneumococcus

29
Q

Causes of CAP in ambulatory patients
If looking at causes of CAP in ambulatory patients (this is someone who is outpatient):
• ____, respiratory viruses, and ____ account for a lot
◦ ____ a lot b/c don’t make diagnosis always in ambulatory situation
• ____ very low!

Causes of CAP in hospitalized, non-ICU patients
Hospitalized, non-ICU
• Notice ____, respiratory virus, ____ (and a lot of ____n)

Causes of CAP in ICU patients
When you are really sick in ICU - legionella and strep pneumonia account for a large percent
• So when someone is in ICU (and get echmo) - you’re not looking for mycoplasma pneumonia, rather
looking for ____
◦ Go into details to then determine if have legionella and ____

So very helpful to know the ____ patient is at

A

mycoplasma pneumoniae
strep pneumoniae
unknown
legionella

strep pneumonia
mycoplasma
unknown

legionella
strep pneumonia
setting

30
Q

Approach to Pneumonia

• First, classify the clinical situation based roughly on ____, in order to manage the patient and to pick an appropriate empiric regimen:
– ____ (outpatient)
– ____
– ____

• Second, look for epidemiologic clues to suggest ____ causes of pneumonia, that might either require additional antibiotic treatment, or other specific interventions (respiratory isolation). Consider whether ____ means (eg, bronchoscopy) would be helpful to establish diagnosis.

A

severity
ambulatory
hospitalized (non-ICU)
ICU

unusual
invasive

31
Q

Epidemiologic conditions and/or risk factors related to specific pathogens in community-acquired pneumonia

These are also some clues (similar to the bird with chlamydia psittaci)
• If someone isn’t fitting the picture - 30 yr old comes in says I woke up today felt like crap, X-ray shows etc.
◦ If can’t find reasons these are some of the things he would start asking
‣ Are they ____ (may be these bacteria), lung abscess, exposure to ____
‣ 9 times out of 10 don’t have to do this, just for the case that can’t figure out whats going on
• May find out they’ve been exposed to (ex:) bat or bird droppings - its ____
• These are some of the exceptions

A

alcohol
bird
histoplasmosis

32
Q

Pneumonia Severity Index

How do you know who gets admitted to the hospital and who doesn’t?
Couple ways: pneumonia severity index (PSI) came out a really long time ago (developed from database in Philadelphia)
◦ The orange box in back
◦ No1 actually gauges in ____

That translates into blue box
◦ Determines where you are going to give them their care and the mortality rate
◦ See mortality rate starts low but an grow pretty high
Categories:
1. ____ (+10 if nursing home resident)
2. ____
3. ____
4. ____
Add all the points up and go to blue box
◦ If <51 then would have very low ____ and treat them as an ____. Comes with that what set of antibiotics
◦ If class V some things determine if go to ICU
Can see that for someone who is around 50 years old, if has a couple of these can quickly rise up to being over 91 and being ____

People don’t really use this exactly, but gauge it when someone comes into ER and determine if get ____ or not.

Gets handy in an office. Ex: 30 year old woman with very little of risk factors - she has very low mortality rate and can treat her as an outpatient

A
head
age
coexisting illness
physical exam findings
lab or radiographic findings

mortality rate
outpatient
admitted

33
Q

Pneumonia Severity Index

I
Points: ____
Mortality: ____
Site of care: ____

II
Points: ____
Mortality: ____
Site of care: ____

III
Points: ____
Mortality: ____
Site of care: ____

IV
Points: ____
Mortality: ____
Site of care: ____

V
Points: ____
Mortality: ____
Site of care: ____

A

<51
0.1%
outpatient

51-70
0.6%
outpatient

71-90
2.8%
in or outpatient

91-130
9.5%
inpatient

> 130
26.7%
inpatient

34
Q

Treatment

• Outpatient treatment-previously healthy
– ____ (____, Clarithromycin, or ____) OR
– ____

A

macrolide
azithromycin
erythromycin
doxycycline

35
Q

Treatment

• Outpatient treatment-presence of comorbidities such as heart, lung, liver, or renal disease. Diabetes, alcoholism, malignancy, asplenia, or use of antibiotics in the past ____ months.
– A respiratory ____ (____, Gemifloxacin, or ____ (750mg)) OR
– A ____ (high dose ____, amoxicillin/Clavulanate, cefuroxime) plus a ____ (Azithromycin, Clarithromycin, or Erythromycin)

A
3
quinolone
moxifloxacin
levofloxacin
beta lactam
amoxicillin
macrolide
36
Q

Treatment

• Inpatient, non-ICU treatment
– A respiratory ____ (____,
Gemifloxacin, or ____ 750mg) OR
– A ____ (Ceftriaxone) PLUS a ____ (Azithromycin, Clarithromycin, or Erythromycin)

A

quinolone
moxifloxacin
levofloxacin

beta lactam
macrolide

37
Q

Treatment

• Inpatient, ICU treatment
– A ____ PLUS ____ OR
– A ____ plus a respiratory ____ OR
– A respiratory ____ PLUS ____ (penicillin ____ patients)

A
beta-lactam
azithromycin
beta lactam
quinolone
quinolone
aztreonam
allergic
38
Q

Special Concerns

• MRSA
– ____ OR
– ____

A

vancomycin

linezolid

39
Q

Section summary

  • Treatment of CAP must be initiated ____, prior to the availability of a firm ____ diagnosis
  • Choice of treatment regimen for CAP is dependent upon ____ of illness, which correlates (roughly) with the ____
  • Rare agents of CAP should be considered under the proper epidemiologic exposure
A

right away
microbiologic
severity of illness
pathogen

40
Q

Case 1

This is why his X-ray looks like
• Whats abnormal?
◦ Looks like \_\_\_\_ 
- can't see that angle
‣ Don't know if there is an infiltrate hiding there

Case 1, Question 1. Should this patient be treated at home, on the floor, or in the ICU?
a. Home, on oral antibiotics
b. In the hospital, on a regular medical floor, on IV antibiotics
c. In the ICU
On the floor meaning on the hospital floor
Answer: ____. there are a couple of things that worry him that would go into ICU

A

c

41
Q

Case 1, Question 2. Name three likely causative agents, based upon the information in this lecture.

a. Bordetella pertussis, E. coli, Lactobacillus
b. Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Legionella pneumophila, Haemophilus influenzae
c. Legionella pneumophila, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae
d. Legionella pneumophila, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staph aureus

This is important!!! Go back to that severity slide
• What would make people really sick? What was the one pathogen that was different from the outpatient and the floor? Answer: ____
◦ also ____ is for very sick, so c or d
◦ And then mycoplasma pneumonia is often in ____
◦ So answer is “d” - these 3 would really make you sick enough to warrant an ICU
admission (____ is not)
I WOULD KNOW THESE 3 - ____

Walking pneumonia - people who look better than their x-ray shows
• Not going to be people with these 3
◦ people with these 3 will be ____, tachycardic, ____

A

d
c
outpatient

mycoplasma pneumoniae
legionella, streptococcus, staph aureus

hypertensive
tachypneic

42
Q

Case 1, Question 3. After stabilizing him and starting empiric antibiotics, what else can be done?

a. Nothing
b. Ceaseless worry
c. Try to establish a diagnosis
d. Put him in respiratory isolation

Answer: ____
Key is to try, will probably come up with nothing, but just try
• Isolation only needed for the ____ or ____

A

c
flu
TB

43
Q

Case 1, Question 4. This is a gram stain from expectorated sputum. What diagnosis does it suggest?

a. Streptococcus pneumoniae
b. Klebsiella pneumoniae
c. Staph aureus
d. No diagnosis is suggested from this specimen

This picture has a squamous cell - so answer is:
____ from this specimen
• This is all saliva

A

d. no diagnosis is suggested from this specimen

44
Q

Case 2

Looks normal. No infiltrate. Looks more like ____, more like a ____ infection

A

interstitial

viral

45
Q

Case 2: question 1: What is the most likely cause of his presentation?

a. Pneumococcal pneumonia (Streptococcus pneumoniae)
b. Haemophilus influenzae pneumonia
c. Influenza virus infection
d. Acute bronchitis

Answer: c. ____

A

influenza

46
Q

Case 2,
continued

Oseltamavir = drug given for flu
Last paragraph indicates: he got ____ (most likely)
• So flu, gets better, then new syndrome = ____
◦ 2 bugs post flu = ____

A

secondary pneumonia
superinfection
strep pneumonia
staph aureus

47
Q

Case 2a
a. The influenza is resistant to oseltamavir.
b. There is a superinfection (superimposed infection)
with a bacterial pathogen, with resultant bacterial
pneumonia.
c. This is ARDS (adult respiratory distress syndrome).
d. This is a case of oseltamavir - associated primary effusion lymphoma.

Answer: ____

A

B

48
Q

Case 3

No specific lobe with infiltrate
• Hazy all over, maybe ____

A

interstitial

49
Q

Case 3, question: which of the following is the most helpful in establishing the diagnosis?

a. Knowing his hobbies and interests
b. Examination of the gram stained expectorated sputum
c. The height of his WBC
d. Knowing whether he has a history of diabetes

Answer: ____
remember that long list? This is a case that’s sort of not making sense to most people
• What would you do for him
◦ He’s 55 and was fine, then gets sick
◦ Would treat him for CAP
‣ But if isn’t getting better then would have to start going into his ____
• try to find out about weird ____ he may of had
• But still will treat him the same
◦ Take away if someone comes in with syndrome compatible with CAP - treat
them, and if doesn’t get better then call someone in to help make diagnosis

A

knowing his hobbies and interests
hobbies and interests
exposures

50
Q

Conclusions

Acute pneumonia is ____ and deadly. It remains a significant ____ despite advances of modern medicine.

Etiologic (microbiologic) diagnosis is ____, but pays dividends.

Selection of antibiotics is dependent upon the ____ (____ of illness, primarily), not the microbiologic culture data. ____ exist to minimize the likelihood that an organism will be missed.

Epidemiologic clues suggest a microbiologic etiology other than the ones covered by the recommendations in a ____ proportion of cases. Being aware of the clues that suggest the presence of these organisms can allow for more successful outcomes of the “____” cases.

A

common
problem

low-yield
clinical scenario
severity
recommendations

small
outlier

51
Q
Question 3: 
What easily ascertained information can predict the etiology of
pneumonia, in an evidence-based way?
a. Socioeconomic background.
b. Color and consistency of the sputum. 
c. Severity of illness.
d. Duration of illness.
e. Pattern of infiltrate on CXR.

Trying to figure out which bacteria is causing the pneumonia
• Reads each answer
• Hopefully after everything gone through wouldn’t say “E”
◦ Specifically if pointed to cavity on chest x-ray doesn’t tell you one diagnosis
Answer = ____

A

C (severity of illness)

52
Q

Pneumococcal pneumonia: virulence

• Every single organism has key virulence factors that are very important in its pathogenesis
• Amazes him that these little guys can do such powerful things
◦ Not even going to get into genetics, and how they get resistent

‣ In hospital now - there are isolation carts everywhere in hallway - now any room you go into are wearing a gown and gloves (didn’t use to be that way). Done b/c these bacteria have evolved over time and become ____ (something to think about now), problem is that the
production of antibiotics isn’t keeping up with the ____

So here is a pneumacacul (?) which is most common cause of ____
• Around it is it’s ____ - this is it’s big virulence factor - keeps it from being ____. And see
same thing with a Group A strep.

A

resistant
resistant mechanisms
pneumonia

capsule
phagocytosed