6- Case Studies

Question 1

What organ does Helicobacter pylori infect and what does it cause?

Answer 1

The stomach:
Inflammation:
acute, chronic (including ulcers)
•Cell  damage:
atrophy, metaplasia, dysplasia
•Neoplasia:
carcinoma, lymphoma

Question 2

What is gastritis and what is it cause by?

Answer 2

Inflammation of the stomach lining:
Oxygen deprivation
2.Chemical agents  = drugs
3.Infectious agents  = helicobacter
4.Immunological reactions = autoimmune
5.Genetic defects
6.Nutritional imbalances
7.Physical agents
8.Aging

Question 3

What is an ulcer?

Answer 3

An open sore on an external or internal surface of the body, caused by a break in the skin or mucous membrane which fails to heal.
Ulcers range from small, painful sores in the mouth to bedsores and serious lesions of the stomach or intestine.

Question 4

Give 4 causes of granulomatous inflammation:

Answer 4

Infection – TB, fungi, helicobacter
–Foreign material
–Reaction to tumours
–Immune diseases (sarcoid, Crohn’s)

Question 5

What is granulomatous inflammation?

Answer 5

Particular form of chronic inflammation showing granuloma formation
–Cluster of macrophages
–Involves specific immune reaction T cells

Question 6

How are acute and chronic gastric ulcers healed?

Answer 6

Parenchymal cell regeneration and RESOLUTION
= acute gastric ulcer

•REPAIR by connective tissue and SCAR TISSUE FORMATION
= chronic gastric ulcer

Question 7

What is atrophy?

Answer 7

Shrinkage in the size of the cell (or organ) by the loss of cell substance

Question 8

What is metaplasia?

Answer 8

A reversible change in which one adult cell type is replaced by another

Question 9

What are some Cellular adaptations seen in association with helicobacter gastritis?

Answer 9

hyperplasia
hypertrophy
atrophy
metaplasia and
dysplasia.

Question 10

What is dysplasia?

Answer 10

Precancerous cells which show the genetic and cytological features or malignancy but not invading the underlying tissue

Question 11

How are cancers staged?

Answer 11

Main staging system = “TNM”
Size and spread of the primary Tumour
Spread to regional Lymph Nodes
Presence of Metastases

Combination of clinical, radiological and pathological findings

Question 12

Describe the clinical complications of atherosclerosis

Answer 12

“Occludes arteries slowly (angina, myocardial scarring, dementia, claudication,)
Occludes arteries suddenly plaque rupture (thrombosis, atheroembolization) or haemorrhages into plaques (MI, stroke, gangrene of the bowel)
Weakens artery walls (aneurysms)
”