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Computer Science Flashcards > 6. Automated and emerging technologies > Flashcards

6. Automated and emerging technologies Flashcards

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1
Q

What does an automated system usually have?

A

Comprises of sensors, microprocessors and actuators

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2
Q

What is the purpose of sensors in an automated system?

A

Takes measurements of their environment

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3
Q

What is the purpose of microprocessors in an automated system?

A

Processes the information and make decisions based on the readings from the sensor

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4
Q

What is the purpose of actuators in an automated system?

A

To make physical changes to the environment, like opening a door, shutting a valve or turning on an alarm

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5
Q

What are the advantages of automation?

A

Fewer people need to be employed

Repetitive tasks carried out with high accuracy and no breaks

Able to work in dangerous environments (industry)

More accurate simulation (gaming)

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6
Q

What are the disadvantages of automation?

A

People may lose their jobs / have fewer jobs to apply for

Automation can be very dangerous if something goes wrong

It is initially expensive to buy machinery

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7
Q

What are the characteristics of robots?

A

They have a mechanical structure

They have electrical components (e.g. sensors, microprocessors and actuators)

They are programmable

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8
Q

What is artificial intelligence (AI)?

A

A branch of computer science dealing with the simulation of intelligent behaviours by computers

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9
Q

What is robotics?

A

A branch of computer science that incorporates the design, construction and operation of robots

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10
Q

What are the two systems of AI?

A

Expert systems
Machine Learning

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11
Q

What are expert systems?

A

They have a knowledge base, a rule base, an inference engine and an interface

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12
Q

Explain how an expert system would work as a medical diagnoser.

A

The computer is ‘trained’ by being given the symptoms of hundreds of patients, and their diagnoses (knowledge base)

From this, a set of rules (rule base) can be formulated

A program (inference engine) is used to apply the rules to diagnose a new patient

The interface allows the doctor to interact with the expert system

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13
Q

What is machine learning?

A

ML is when a program has the ability to automatically adapt to its own processes and/or data

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14
Q

Definition of an automated system

A

A combination of software and hardware designed and
programmed to work automatically without the need for any human intervention

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15
Q

What are the applications of automated systems (7 of them)

A

» industrial
» transport
» agriculture
» weather
» gaming
» lighting
» science.

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16
Q

Adv of a DCS in industrial application

A

» Faster
» Safer
» the process is more likely to run under optimum conditions since any small
changes needed can be identified very quickly and action taken
» in the long run, it is less expensive
> can work 24 hrs no break

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17
Q

Disadv of a DCS in industrial applciation

A

» expensive to set up
» always possible for a set of conditions to occur that were never considered during
testing
»subject to cyberattacks
» maintenance - expensive.

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18
Q

Adv of a manufacturing automated sys

A

» much faster
» much safer
» in the long run, it is less expensive
» more efficient use of materials
» higher productivity
» more consistent results.

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19
Q

Disadv of manufacturing automated sys

A

» expensive to set up
» always possible for a set of conditions to occur that were never considered during
testing
»subject to cyberattacks
» maintenance - expensive.

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20
Q

Adv of auto parking

A

» allows the same number of cars to use fewer parking spaces
» avoids traffic disruption in cities
» cars can fit into smaller spaces
» fewer dents and scratches to cars (reduced insurance claims)
» safer system since sensors monitor all objects, including young children
» very consistent results.

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21
Q

Disadv of auto parking

A

» over-reliance on automated systems by the driver (loss of skills)
» faulty/dirty sensors or cameras can send false data/images to the on-board computer which could lead to a malfunction
» kerbing of wheels is a common problem since the sensors may not pick-up low kerbs
» expensive option
» maintenance

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22
Q

Adv of an automatic irrigation system

A

» reduced labour costs
» better and more efficient control of the irrigation process
» better control of precious resources, such as water
faster response than a human having to manually check many kilometres of irrigation
channels
» safer
» different crops may require different irrigation requirements

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23
Q

Disadv of an automatic irrigation system

A

» expensive to set up
» maintenance - expensive.

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24
Q

Adv of automated weather system

A

Ability to provide real-time weather data.
Consistent and standardized data collection.
Reduction in human error and bias.
Ability to track weather patterns and make long-term forecasts
Reduced labour costs - only need 1 supervisor
Track weather data 24x7

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25
Q

Disadv of automated weather system

A

Expensive to set up
Expensive to maintain
Falty/dirty sensors can lead to innacurate weather data
Vulnerability to hacking and cyber attacks.
Limitations in the ability to detect rare or unique weather events.

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26
Q

Adv of immersive gaming controllers

disadv

A

better user experience

diasdv
High cost of the hardware and associated accessories.

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27
Q

Adv of a lighting system

A

» it is possible to control light sources automatically
» a reduced energy consumption
» wireless connections can be chosen which are much safer
» longer bulb life
» possible to program new light displays for various occasions.

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28
Q

Disadv of a lighting system,

A

expensive to set up
maintenance

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29
Q

Adv of using automated systems in science

A

» more consistent (repeatable) results
» less dangerous
» faster results - experiments can be done simul
» automatic analysis of the results is possible
» fewer highly trained staff needed for each experiment
» results/experiments can be monitored anywhere in the world in real time.

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30
Q

Disadv of using automated systems in science

A

» less flexible than when using human technicians
» security risks are always present if the data is being shared globally
» equipment can be expensive to buy and set up in the first place.
maintenance costs

31
Q

What is robotics

A

Robotics is a branch of computer science that incorporates the design, construction and operation of robots

32
Q

What is a robot

A

mechanical device that can carry out tasks normally done by humans

33
Q

3 places robots can be found

A

factories
homes
drones

34
Q

Where can robots be found in factories

A

– welding parts together
– spray-painting panels on a car
– fitting windscreens to cars
– cutting out metal parts to a high precision
– bottling and labelling plants
– warehouses (automatic location of items)

35
Q

Where can robots be found in homes

A

– autonomous floor sweepers
– autonomous lawn mower
– ironing robots
– pool cleaning
– automatic window cleaners
– entertainment

36
Q

Define autonomous

A

able to operate independently without any human input

37
Q

Where can robots be found in drones

A

unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are drones that are either remotely controlled or totally autonomous using embedded systems

– can be used in reconnaissance (eg taking aerial photographs)

– can be used to make parcel deliveries

38
Q

Adv of robots in industry

A

robots are capable of working in conditions that may be hazardous
to humans

robots work 24/7 without the need to stop

robots are less expensive in the long run

more productive

more consistent

better suited to boring repetitive tasks

39
Q

Disadv of robots in industry

A

robots can lead to higher unemployment amongst manual labour tasks

Deskilling labour

Expensive to buy

Maintenance

40
Q

Adv of autonomous vehicles

A

Safer

Better for environment

Stress free parking - self parking

increased lane capacity due to better braking and acceleration responses together with optimized distance between vehicles

41
Q

Disadv of autonomous vehicles

A

Expensive to set up
Maintenance
cyber attacks
unemployment - less taxis needed

42
Q

Adv of autonomous trains

A

Improved punctuality

reduced costs

safety improves

minimises energy consumption

it is possible to increase the frequency of trains

it is easier to change train scheduling

43
Q

Disadv of autonomous trains

A

Cyber attacks

Expensive to set up initially

unemploment

44
Q

Adv of autonomous planes

A

improved passenger comfort

reduced running costs

improved safety - less human error

less fuel consumption because of the improved aerodynamics

45
Q

Disadv of autonomous planes

A

hacking

software glithces could lead to death

46
Q

5 areas in agriculture where robots can play a large role

A

»harvesting/picking of vegetables and fruit
»weed control
»phenotyping (plant growth and health)
»seed-planting and fertiliser distribution
»autonomous labour-saving devices.

47
Q

how can robots be used for harvesting

A

More accurate - only pick ripe fruit

pick fruit without damaging it

Higher yields and reduced waste

48
Q

How does a weed control robot stay on path

why is a drone used

A

GPS tracking

used first to do an aerial view of the vineyard, so that a programmed course of action can be produced, which is then sent to the weed control robot’s memory.

49
Q

What is phenotyping

A

the process of observing the physical characteristics of a plant to assess its health and growth

50
Q

how do robots phenotype

A

»robots designed to do phenotyping are equipped with sensors (including spectral sensors and thermal cameras) that can create a 3D image/model of the plant, thus allowing it to be monitored for health and growth

51
Q

What actions do microprocessors do in autonomous cars

A

»change gear
»apply the brakes
»turn the steering wheel.

52
Q

How are robots used for seed planting and fertilisier distribution

A

drones can produce an aerial image of a farm sending back a ‘bird’s eye view’ of the crops and land. they allow seed-planting to be done far more accurately

»they also allow for more efficient fertiliser-spreading to reduce waste and improve coverage

cloud seeding

53
Q

what are the autonomous agriculture devices

A

»grass mowers/cutters
»weeding, pruning and harvesting robots
»seeding robots
»fertiliser spraying

54
Q

How are robots used in medicine

A

»robots are used in surgical procedures, which makes the operation safer and also makes the procedures quicker and less costly

» robots can be used from monitoring patients to doing actual minor surgery

»robots can take blood samples from patients:
– less painful to patients since the robot is better at determining a ‘good vein’
– safer to doctors and nurses if the patient has an infectious disease
– doctors and nurses can be freed up to do more skilled work

55
Q

where are robots used in entertainment

A

theme parks are now using autonomous robots to entertain visitors to the park

music festivals are much more immersive for the audience

»humanoid robots can perform ‘stunt’ action in movies/ television

56
Q

3 characteristics of robot

A

a mechanical structure or framework
– electrical components, such as sensors, microprocessors and actuators

– programmable

57
Q

3 domestic robots

A

autonomous vacuum cleaners

autonomous grass cutters

personal assistants

58
Q

Define AI

A

artificial intelligence (AI) – AI is a branch of computer science dealing with the simulation of intelligent behaviours by computers

59
Q

What are the 2 types of AI systems

define them

A

expert system – a form of AI that has been developed to mimic a human’s knowledge and expertise

machine learning – algorithms are trained and learn from past experiences

60
Q

Some uses of expert systems

A

» diagnosis of a patient’s illness
» identification of plants, animals and chemical/biological compounds
» strategy games, such as chess

61
Q

Advantages of expert systems

A

High accuracy
High consistency
Can store vast amounts of ideas and facts
unbiased reporting and analysis of the facts
Fast response times

62
Q

Disadvtanges of expert systems

A

Considerable training to make sure system used correctly
High set up and maintenance costs
Only as good as the facts or information entered into the system

63
Q

What are the components of an expert system

A

User interface

Inferenece system
rules base
knowledge base

64
Q

Describe the user interface in an expert system

A

method by which the expert system interacts with a user through dialogue boxes, command prompts or other input methods

the questions being asked usually only have Yes/No answers and are based on the responses to previous questions

65
Q

Explain the inference engine in an expert system

A

kind of search engine used in an
expert system which examines the knowledge base for information that matches the queries

66
Q

What are inference rules

A

rules used by the inference engine and in expert systems to draw conclusions using IF statements

67
Q

Explain knowledge base in expert system

A

a repository of facts which is a collection of objects and attributes

68
Q

how to set up an expert system

A

»information needs to be gathered from human experts or from written sources

» knowledge base created

» knowledge base populated from collected info

»a rules base needs to be created - series of inference rules so that the inference engine can draw conclusions

» inference engine itself needs to be set up

»the user interface needs to be developed to allow the user and the expert system to communicate

once the system is set up, it needs to be fully tested

69
Q

How to test a new expert system

A

running the system with known outcomes so that results can be compared and any changes to the expert system made

70
Q

3 examples of ML

A

Categorising email as spam

Recognising user buying history

Detection of fraudulent activity

71
Q

how does an ML categorise something as spam

A

» A machine learning algorithm collects data about emails

» It carries out a ‘cleaning’ process by removing stop words

» Certain words/phrases are frequently used in spam and indicate that the incoming email is very likely to be spam.

» The machine learning model is built and a ‘training data set’ is used to train the model and make it learn using past email known to be spam.

» Once it is evaluated, the model is fine-tuned and tested live.

72
Q

3 main characteristics of AI

A

collection of data
the rules for using that data
the ability to reason - can include the ability to learn and adapt

73
Q

General adv of AI

A

Ability to access and store vast amounts of facts
Can learn from a huge amount of data that will overwhelm humans
Ability to see patterns in results that can be missed by humans

Computer Science Flashcards (6 decks)

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