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6. Automated and emerging technologies Flashcards

1
Q

What does an automated system usually have?

A

Comprises of sensors, microprocessors and actuators

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2
Q

What is the purpose of sensors in an automated system?

A

Takes measurements of their environment

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3
Q

What is the purpose of microprocessors in an automated system?

A

Processes the information and make decisions based on the readings from the sensor

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4
Q

What is the purpose of actuators in an automated system?

A

To make physical changes to the environment, like opening a door, shutting a valve or turning on an alarm

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5
Q

What are the advantages of automation?

A

Fewer people need to be employed

Repetitive tasks carried out with high accuracy and no breaks

Able to work in dangerous environments (industry)

More accurate simulation (gaming)

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6
Q

What are the disadvantages of automation?

A

People may lose their jobs / have fewer jobs to apply for

Automation can be very dangerous if something goes wrong

It is initially expensive to buy machinery

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7
Q

What are the characteristics of robots?

A

They have a mechanical structure

They have electrical components (e.g. sensors, microprocessors and actuators)

They are programmable

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8
Q

What is artificial intelligence (AI)?

A

A branch of computer science dealing with the simulation of intelligent behaviours by computers

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9
Q

What is robotics?

A

A branch of computer science that incorporates the design, construction and operation of robots

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10
Q

What are the two systems of AI?

A

Expert systems
Machine Learning

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11
Q

What are expert systems?

A

They have a knowledge base, a rule base, an inference engine and an interface

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12
Q

Explain how an expert system would work as a medical diagnoser.

A

The computer is ‘trained’ by being given the symptoms of hundreds of patients, and their diagnoses (knowledge base)

From this, a set of rules (rule base) can be formulated

A program (inference engine) is used to apply the rules to diagnose a new patient

The interface allows the doctor to interact with the expert system

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13
Q

What is machine learning?

A

ML is when a program has the ability to automatically adapt to its own processes and/or data

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14
Q

Definition of an automated system

A

A combination of software and hardware designed and
programmed to work automatically without the need for any human intervention

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15
Q

What are the applications of automated systems (7 of them)

A

» industrial
» transport
» agriculture
» weather
» gaming
» lighting
» science.

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16
Q

Adv of a DCS in industrial application

A

» Faster
» Safer
» the process is more likely to run under optimum conditions since any small
changes needed can be identified very quickly and action taken
» in the long run, it is less expensive
> can work 24 hrs no break

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17
Q

Disadv of a DCS in industrial applciation

A

» expensive to set up
» always possible for a set of conditions to occur that were never considered during
testing
»subject to cyberattacks
» maintenance - expensive.

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18
Q

Adv of a manufacturing automated sys

A

» much faster
» much safer
» in the long run, it is less expensive
» more efficient use of materials
» higher productivity
» more consistent results.

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19
Q

Disadv of manufacturing automated sys

A

» expensive to set up
» always possible for a set of conditions to occur that were never considered during
testing
»subject to cyberattacks
» maintenance - expensive.

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20
Q

Adv of auto parking

A

» allows the same number of cars to use fewer parking spaces
» avoids traffic disruption in cities
» cars can fit into smaller spaces
» fewer dents and scratches to cars (reduced insurance claims)
» safer system since sensors monitor all objects, including young children
» very consistent results.

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21
Q

Disadv of auto parking

A

» over-reliance on automated systems by the driver (loss of skills)
» faulty/dirty sensors or cameras can send false data/images to the on-board computer which could lead to a malfunction
» kerbing of wheels is a common problem since the sensors may not pick-up low kerbs
» expensive option
» maintenance

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22
Q

Adv of an automatic irrigation system

A

» reduced labour costs
» better and more efficient control of the irrigation process
» better control of precious resources, such as water
faster response than a human having to manually check many kilometres of irrigation
channels
» safer
» different crops may require different irrigation requirements

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23
Q

Disadv of an automatic irrigation system

A

» expensive to set up
» maintenance - expensive.

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24
Q

Adv of automated weather system

A

Ability to provide real-time weather data.
Consistent and standardized data collection.
Reduction in human error and bias.
Ability to track weather patterns and make long-term forecasts
Reduced labour costs - only need 1 supervisor
Track weather data 24x7

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25
Disadv of automated weather system
Expensive to set up Expensive to maintain Falty/dirty sensors can lead to innacurate weather data Vulnerability to hacking and cyber attacks. Limitations in the ability to detect rare or unique weather events.
26
Adv of immersive gaming controllers disadv
better user experience diasdv High cost of the hardware and associated accessories.
27
Adv of a lighting system
» it is possible to control light sources automatically » a reduced energy consumption » wireless connections can be chosen which are much safer » longer bulb life » possible to program new light displays for various occasions.
28
Disadv of a lighting system,
expensive to set up maintenance
29
Adv of using automated systems in science
» more consistent (repeatable) results » less dangerous » faster results - experiments can be done simul » automatic analysis of the results is possible » fewer highly trained staff needed for each experiment » results/experiments can be monitored anywhere in the world in real time.
30
Disadv of using automated systems in science
» less flexible than when using human technicians » security risks are always present if the data is being shared globally » equipment can be expensive to buy and set up in the first place. maintenance costs
31
What is robotics
Robotics is a branch of computer science that incorporates the design, construction and operation of robots
32
What is a robot
mechanical device that can carry out tasks normally done by humans
33
3 places robots can be found
factories homes drones
34
Where can robots be found in factories
– welding parts together – spray-painting panels on a car – fitting windscreens to cars – cutting out metal parts to a high precision – bottling and labelling plants – warehouses (automatic location of items)
35
Where can robots be found in homes
– autonomous floor sweepers – autonomous lawn mower – ironing robots – pool cleaning – automatic window cleaners – entertainment
36
Define autonomous
able to operate independently without any human input
37
Where can robots be found in drones
unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are drones that are either remotely controlled or totally autonomous using embedded systems – can be used in reconnaissance (eg taking aerial photographs) – can be used to make parcel deliveries
38
Adv of robots in industry
robots are capable of working in conditions that may be hazardous to humans robots work 24/7 without the need to stop robots are less expensive in the long run more productive more consistent better suited to boring repetitive tasks
39
Disadv of robots in industry
robots can lead to higher unemployment amongst manual labour tasks Deskilling labour Expensive to buy Maintenance
40
Adv of autonomous vehicles
Safer Better for environment Stress free parking - self parking increased lane capacity due to better braking and acceleration responses together with optimized distance between vehicles
41
Disadv of autonomous vehicles
Expensive to set up Maintenance cyber attacks unemployment - less taxis needed
42
Adv of autonomous trains
Improved punctuality reduced costs safety improves minimises energy consumption it is possible to increase the frequency of trains it is easier to change train scheduling
43
Disadv of autonomous trains
Cyber attacks Expensive to set up initially unemploment
44
Adv of autonomous planes
improved passenger comfort reduced running costs improved safety - less human error less fuel consumption because of the improved aerodynamics
45
Disadv of autonomous planes
hacking software glithces could lead to death
46
5 areas in agriculture where robots can play a large role
»harvesting/picking of vegetables and fruit »weed control »phenotyping (plant growth and health) »seed-planting and fertiliser distribution »autonomous labour-saving devices.
47
how can robots be used for harvesting
More accurate - only pick ripe fruit pick fruit without damaging it Higher yields and reduced waste
48
How does a weed control robot stay on path why is a drone used
GPS tracking used first to do an aerial view of the vineyard, so that a programmed course of action can be produced, which is then sent to the weed control robot’s memory.
49
What is phenotyping
the process of observing the physical characteristics of a plant to assess its health and growth
50
how do robots phenotype
»robots designed to do phenotyping are equipped with sensors (including spectral sensors and thermal cameras) that can create a 3D image/model of the plant, thus allowing it to be monitored for health and growth
51
What actions do microprocessors do in autonomous cars
»change gear »apply the brakes »turn the steering wheel.
52
How are robots used for seed planting and fertilisier distribution
drones can produce an aerial image of a farm sending back a ‘bird’s eye view’ of the crops and land. they allow seed-planting to be done far more accurately »they also allow for more efficient fertiliser-spreading to reduce waste and improve coverage cloud seeding
53
what are the autonomous agriculture devices
»grass mowers/cutters »weeding, pruning and harvesting robots »seeding robots »fertiliser spraying
54
How are robots used in medicine
»robots are used in surgical procedures, which makes the operation safer and also makes the procedures quicker and less costly » robots can be used from monitoring patients to doing actual minor surgery »robots can take blood samples from patients: – less painful to patients since the robot is better at determining a ‘good vein’ – safer to doctors and nurses if the patient has an infectious disease – doctors and nurses can be freed up to do more skilled work
55
where are robots used in entertainment
theme parks are now using autonomous robots to entertain visitors to the park music festivals are much more immersive for the audience »humanoid robots can perform ‘stunt’ action in movies/ television
56
3 characteristics of robot
a mechanical structure or framework – electrical components, such as sensors, microprocessors and actuators – programmable
57
3 domestic robots
autonomous vacuum cleaners autonomous grass cutters personal assistants
58
Define AI
artificial intelligence (AI) – AI is a branch of computer science dealing with the simulation of intelligent behaviours by computers
59
What are the 2 types of AI systems define them
expert system – a form of AI that has been developed to mimic a human’s knowledge and expertise machine learning – algorithms are trained and learn from past experiences
60
Some uses of expert systems
» diagnosis of a patient’s illness » identification of plants, animals and chemical/biological compounds » strategy games, such as chess
61
Advantages of expert systems
High accuracy High consistency Can store vast amounts of ideas and facts unbiased reporting and analysis of the facts Fast response times
62
Disadvtanges of expert systems
Considerable training to make sure system used correctly High set up and maintenance costs Only as good as the facts or information entered into the system
63
What are the components of an expert system
User interface Inferenece system rules base knowledge base
64
Describe the user interface in an expert system
method by which the expert system interacts with a user through dialogue boxes, command prompts or other input methods the questions being asked usually only have Yes/No answers and are based on the responses to previous questions
65
Explain the inference engine in an expert system
kind of search engine used in an expert system which examines the knowledge base for information that matches the queries
66
What are inference rules
rules used by the inference engine and in expert systems to draw conclusions using IF statements
67
Explain knowledge base in expert system
a repository of facts which is a collection of objects and attributes
68
how to set up an expert system
»information needs to be gathered from human experts or from written sources » knowledge base created » knowledge base populated from collected info »a rules base needs to be created - series of inference rules so that the inference engine can draw conclusions » inference engine itself needs to be set up »the user interface needs to be developed to allow the user and the expert system to communicate once the system is set up, it needs to be fully tested
69
How to test a new expert system
running the system with known outcomes so that results can be compared and any changes to the expert system made
70
3 examples of ML
Categorising email as spam Recognising user buying history Detection of fraudulent activity
71
how does an ML categorise something as spam
» A machine learning algorithm collects data about emails » It carries out a ‘cleaning’ process by removing stop words » Certain words/phrases are frequently used in spam and indicate that the incoming email is very likely to be spam. » The machine learning model is built and a ‘training data set’ is used to train the model and make it learn using past email known to be spam. » Once it is evaluated, the model is fine-tuned and tested live.
72
3 main characteristics of AI
collection of data the rules for using that data the ability to reason - can include the ability to learn and adapt
73
General adv of AI
Ability to access and store vast amounts of facts Can learn from a huge amount of data that will overwhelm humans Ability to see patterns in results that can be missed by humans

Computer Science Flashcards (6 decks)

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