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A Level Chemistry Organic > 6- Aromatic Compounds and Amines > Flashcards

6- Aromatic Compounds and Amines Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe the structure of benzene

A

Planar cyclic structure- each carbon forms a single covalent bond to two other carbons, and one to an attached hydrogen. The remaining electron sticks out above and below the planar ring, making a ring of delocalised electrons. All bond lengths are the same

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2
Q

When is the prefix “Phenyl” used?

A

If the benzene ring is attached to an amine, alcohol, ketone or alkene group

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3
Q

How do you number the benzene ring?

A

From the functional group, clockwise

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4
Q

What is an electrophile?

A

An electron pair acceptor

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5
Q

What reaction does the benzene ring undergo?

A

Electrophilic substitution

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6
Q

Write the overall reaction for the nitration of benzene

A

HNO3 + Benzene (+H2SO4) = C6H5NO2 + H2O

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7
Q

Write the equation for the formation of the nitronium ion

A

HNO3 + H2SO4 = HSO4- + NO2+ + H2O

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8
Q

What species undergoes electrophilic substitution to make nitrobenzene?

A

NO2+

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9
Q

Why doesn’t a benzene ring undergo electrophilic addition?

A

It would destroy the delocalised ring of electrons

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10
Q

What are the uses of nitration reactions?

A

To make amines, dyes, explosives and pharmaceuticals

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11
Q

What are halogen carriers?

A

A substance that is used to make an electrophile stronger

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12
Q

What are the conditions for Friedal-Crafts acylation?

A

AlCl3, reflux in a non-aqueous solvent

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13
Q

What is the full equation for Friedal-crafts acylation?

A

Acyl group + benzene = Phenylketone + HCl

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14
Q

What halogen carrier is used in Friedal-Crafts acylation?

A

AlCl3

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15
Q

Write the reaction for making the carbocation used in Friedal-Crafts acylation

A

RCOCL + AlCl3 = RCO+ + AlCl4-

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16
Q

Describe a cationic surfactant

A

Compounds that are partially soluble and partially insoluble in water. This means they will help grease and water mix together. Cationic surfactants are made from quaternary salts with one long hydrocarbon chain. The head will dissolve in water, and the tail will dissolve in grease

17
Q

Why can amines act as bases?

A

They can accept protons

18
Q

What does the strength of the ammonium base depend on?

A

How available the nitrogen’s lone pair of electrons is. They will be more available if the electron density is higher. The more available, the stronger the base

19
Q

What is the functional group for an amide?

A

-CONH2

20
Q

Why do amides behave differently to amines?

A

The carbonyl group pulls electrons away from the NH2 group

21
Q

How do you name an amide?

A

Suffix is always amide and prefix is from the acyl group

22
Q

How do you get N-substituted amides?

A

When one of the hydrogens on the nitrogen of an amide has been replaced by an alkyl group

23
Q

How do you name an N-substituted amide?

A

N-(alkyl group attached) prefix (acyl group) suffix (amide)

24
Q

How can amines be made from halogenoalkanes?

A

Reflux, with ethanolic ammonia

25
Q

How is an amine formed from a nitrile?

A

Reduction of the nitrile, LiAlH4 in dry ether followed by a dilute acid, high temperature and a high pressure

26
Q

Write the equation for the reduction of a nitrile to make an amine

A

RCN + 4[H] + (LiAlH4 + dilute acid) = RCNH2

27
Q

Why isn’t the reduction of a nitrile using LiAlH4 used in industry?

A

LiAlH4 is too expensive

28
Q

How are amines made from nitriles in industry?

A

Catalytic hydrogenation

29
Q

Write the equation for the catalytic hydrogenation of a nitrile to an amine

A

RCN + 2H2 (+ Ni + high temperature and high pressure = RCNH2

30
Q

What conditions are needed for the industrial production of amine from nitriles?

A

Nickle catalyst and a high temperature and a high pressure

31
Q

What is the name of the mechanism that is used to form N-substituted amides from an acyl chloride and a primary amide?

A

Nucleophilic addition- elimination

32
Q

What is a nucleophile?

A

A lone pair donor

33
Q

What are the conditions to make an N-substituted amide from an acyl chloride?

A

an amine, 25 degrees c

34
Q

How are aromatic amines made?

A

The reduction of a nitro compound such as nitrobenzene

1) nitrobenzene + tin + conc.HCl heated under reflux
2) Salt product from 1 add an alkali such as NaOH

A Level Chemistry Organic (9 decks)

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