6 Animal Nutrition Flashcards
State what is meant by the term balanced diet for humans
List the principal sources of, and describe the dietary importance of carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins C & D, mineral salts calcium and iron, fibre and water
Factors that affect human dietary needs
age, gender, activity; also pregnancy and breast-feeding
Effects of malnutrition
starvation, constipation, coronary heart disease, obesity and scurvy
Explain the causes and effects of vitamin D and iron deficiencies
Explain the causes and effects of protein-energy malnutrition
Kwashiorkor and Marasmus
Define ingestion
the taking in of substances into the body through the mouth
Define digestion
the breakdown of large, insoluble food molecules into small, water-soluble molecules using mechanical and chemical processes
Define mechanical digestion
the breakdown of food into smaller pieces without chemical change to the food molecules
Define chemical digestion
the breakdown of large, insoluble molecules into small, soluble molecules
Define absorption
movement of digested food molecules through the wall of the intestine into the blood
Define assimilation
the movement of digested food molecules into the cells of the body where they are used, becoming part of the cells
Define egestion
passing out of food that has not been digested, as faeces, through the anus
Identify the main regions of the alimentary canal and associated organs
mouth, salivary glands, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, pancreas, liver, gall bladder, large intestine and anus
Describe the functions of the regions of the alimentary canal in relation to ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation and
egestion of food
Types of human teeth
Incisors, canines, premolars, molars
Describe the structure of human teeth
Include: enamel, dentine, pulp, nerves and cement, the gums
Describe the functions of the types of human teeth in mechanical digestion of food
Describe the proper care of teeth
Reference diet and regular brushing
State the causes of dental decay
a coating of bacteria and food on teeth, the bacteria respiring sugars in the food, producing acid which dissolves the enamel and dentine
Chemical digestion in the alimentary canal is significant in …
producing small, soluble molecules that can be absorbed
Functions of the enzymes amylase, proteases and lipase
Amylase - breaks down starch to simpler sugars
Proteases - break down protein to amino acids
Lipase - breaks down fats to fatty acids and glycerol
State where, in the alimentary canal, amylase, protease and lipase are secreted
State the functions of the hydrochloric acid in gastric juice
Kills bacteria in food and gives an acid pH for enzymes
Explain the functions of the hydrochloric acid in gastric juice, limited to the low pH
denatures enzymes in harmful microorgansims in food, gives the optimum pH for protease activity
The role of bile
emulsifying fats to increase the surface area for the chemical digestion of fat to fatty acids and glycerol by lipase, neutralising the acidic mixture of food and gastric juices entering the duodenum from the stomach, to provide a suitable pH for enzyme action
The role of villi
increase the internal surface area in the small intestine
Describe the structure of a villus
Describe the roles of capillaries and lacteals in villi
