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Endocrine Week 1 2017/18 > 6: Anatomy of the thyroid gland > Flashcards

6: Anatomy of the thyroid gland Flashcards

1
Q

Which parts of the respiratory tract is the thyroid gland closely associated with?

A

Larynx

Trachea

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2
Q

Which general part of the body is the thyroid gland found in?

A

Neck

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3
Q

What are the three parts of the thyroid gland found in all people?

A

Isthmus

Left and right lateral lobes

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4
Q

What are the three cartilages found in the anterior neck?

A

Thyroid cartilage

Cricoid cartilage

Trachea

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5
Q

The isthmus lies anterior to which tracheal “rings”?

A

2nd and 3rd

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6
Q

An enlarged thyroid will move ___ then ___ during swallowing.

(inferiorly , superiorly)

A

superiorly then inferiorly

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7
Q

What is an abnormal swelling of the thyroid gland called?

A

Goitre

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8
Q

Which cartilage is found in the posterior larynx?

A

Arytenoid cartilages

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9
Q

Where exactly are the parathyroid glands found?

A

Posterior surface of lateral lobes

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10
Q

What is a common variant structure of the thyroid gland?

Where is it found?

Which bone may it connect to?

A

Pyramidal lobe

Anterior surface of larynx, midline extending upwards from isthmus to thyroid cartilage

Hyoid bone

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11
Q

Where generally does the thyroid gland originate during embryological development?

A

Tongue

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12
Q

During development, the thyroid gland is found between the __ 2/3rds and __ 1/3rd of tongue.

What is this junction called?

What hole is found in the junction?

A

anterior 2/3rds, posterior 1/3rd

terminal sulcus

foramen caecum

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13
Q

During development, the thyroid gland migrates inferiorly through what?

A

Thyroglossal duct

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14
Q

What can form if remnants of thyroid tissue remain in the thyroglossal duct?

A

Pyramidal lobe

Nodules

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15
Q

Just as in the upper and lower limbs, the neck has ___ containing different structures.

A

compartments

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16
Q

What superficial muscles are found in the outer layer of neck skin?

A

Platysma

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17
Q

Platysma are muscles of ___ ___ and are therefore innervated by CN __.

A

facial expression

CN VII - facial nerve

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18
Q

Apart from the platysma muscles, what are two other muscles of facial expression?

A

Frontalis

Orbicularis oculi

Orbicularis oris

there are literally millions

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19
Q

The neck has four fascial compartments - what are they called?

A

Investing fascia

Prevertebral fascia

Carotid sheathes

Pretracheal fascia

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20
Q

The investing fascia is most superficial and surrounds all the other fascial compartments of the neck.

Which two pairs of muscles are found in the investing fascia?

A

Trapezius

Sternocleidomastoid

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21
Q

What is found in the prevertebral fascia?

A

Postural neck muscles

Cervical vertebrae

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22
Q

Which structures are found in the carotid sheathes?

A

Vagus nerves

Common then Internal carotid arteries

Internal jugular veins

Deep cervical lymph nodes

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23
Q

What five structures are found within the pretracheal fascia?

A

Trachea

Oesophagus

Thyroid

Strap muscles

Recurrent laryngeal nerves (branches of the vagus nerve)

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24
Q

Which nerve supplies the muscles of the investing fascia (trapezius and sternocleidomastoid)?

A

CN XI - spinal accessory nerve

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25
Q

The SCM has two heads - what are they called?

A

Sternal head

Clavicular head

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26
Q

Which part of the sternum does the SCM attach to?

A

Manubrium

27
Q

The clavicular head of the SCM attaches to the (medial / lateral) end of the clavicle.

A

medial

28
Q

What is the superior attachment of the SCM?

A

Mastoid process of the temporal bone

29
Q

What does the trapezius attach to inferiorly?

A

Spine of scapula

Lateral end of clavicle

30
Q

What are the three jugular veins found in the neck?

A

External

Internal

Anterior

31
Q

The external jugular vein drains into the ___ ___.

A

brachiocephalic vein

32
Q

The internal jugular vein drains into the ___ ___.

A

brachiocephalic vein

33
Q

The anterior jugular vein drains into the __ __ __.

A

external jugular vein

34
Q

The superior thyroid artery arises from the ___ ___ ___.

A

external carotid artery

35
Q

The inferior thyroid artery branches from the ___ ___.

A

subclavian artery

36
Q

The superior, middle and inferior thyroid veins are branches of which vein?

A

Internal jugular vein

37
Q

What do the superior and middle thyroid veins drain into?

A

Internal jugular vein

38
Q

What do the inferior thyroid veins drain into?

A

LEFT brachiocephalic vein

39
Q

In the carotid sheathes, the internal jugular veins are lined with lymph nodes. Which two groups of lymph nodes in particular?

A

Superior deep cervical lymph nodes

Inferior deep cervical lymph nodes

40
Q

What two types of lymph node are found on the trachea?

A

Pretracheal (midline)

Paratracheal (lateral)

41
Q

How does lymph drain into the venous circulation on the LEFT?

A

Thoracic duct > Left venous angle

42
Q

How does lymph drain into the venous circulation on the RIGHT?

A

Right lymphatic duct > Right venous angle

43
Q

Through which holes in the posterior cranial fossa do the vagus nerves exit?

A

Jugular foraminae

44
Q

The left vagus nerve is found (medial / lateral) to the trachea.

A

lateral

45
Q

The right vagus nerve is found (medial / lateral) to the arch of the aorta.

A

lateral

46
Q

Do the vagus nerves run anterior or posterior to the lung hila?

A

posterior

47
Q

Which structure in the thorax do the vagus nerves lie on the surface of?

A

Oesophagus

48
Q

Through which hole in the diaphragm do the vagus nerves pass?

A

Oesophageal hiatus

49
Q

What branches of the vagus nerve supply the laryngeal muscles?

A

Recurrent laryngeal nerves

Apart from cricothyroid, which is supplied by External laryngeal nerve (branch of Superior)

50
Q

What surface of the thyroid gland do the recurrent laryngeal nerves run on?

A

Posterior surface

51
Q

The left recurrent laryngeal nerve hooks under what before travelling back up into the neck?

A

Arch of the aorta

52
Q

The right recurrent laryngeal nerve hooks under what before travelling back up into the neck?

A

Right subclavian artery

53
Q

What are the important attachments for the strap muscles of the neck?

A

Hyoid bone

Thyroid cartilage

Manubrium of sternum

Clavicle

54
Q

The strap muscles are found in which fascial layer of the neck?

A

Pretracheal fascia

55
Q

Are the strap muscles intrinsic or extrinsic muscles of the larynx?

A

Extrinsic

not found IN the larynx but help to move it

56
Q

What are the four strap muscles?

A

Omohyoid muscle

Sternohyoid muscle

Sternothyroid muscle

Thyrohyoid muscle

57
Q

The omohyoid muscle joins the clavicle to the hyoid bone. What stops “bowstringing” which would pull the neck to one side?

A

Fascial sling on medial end of clavicle which pulls it downwards

58
Q

What are the three important parts of the omohyoid muscle?

A

Superior belly

Intermediate tendon

Inferior belly

59
Q

What do the recurrent laryngeal nerves supply?

A

Intrinsic muscles of the larynx

60
Q

The recurrent laryngeal nerves give a (motor / sensory) supply to the intrinsic muscles of the larynx.

A

motor

61
Q

What is Berry’s ligament?

A

Attachment of posterior surface of thyroid to trachea

62
Q

Recurrent laryngeal nerve injury results in ___ of the ___ ___.

A

paralysis

vocal cords

63
Q

What is the opening between the vocal cords called?

What structure is it found inferior to?

A

Rima glottidis

Epiglottis

Endocrine Week 1 2017/18 (8 decks)

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