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science chemistry > 6 7 8 > Flashcards

6 7 8 Flashcards

1
Q

Identify the three states of Matter: solid, liquid and gas.

A

Solid: Fixed shape and volume.
Liquid: Fixed volume, but no fixed shape (flows).
Gas: No fixed shape or volume .

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2
Q

State the meanings of boiling point, melting point, evaporation, condensation, sublimation

A

Boiling point: The temperature at which a liquid turns into gas.

Melting point: The temperature at which a solid turns into liquid.

Evaporation: The process where a liquid turns into gas at temperatures below boiling point.

Condensation: The process where a gas turns into liquid.

Sublimation: The process where a solid turns directly into gas, without becoming liquid first.

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3
Q

Use the term Diffusion correctly in explaining how gases move to fill their container.

A

Diffusion is when gas particles move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. Gases spread out to fill all the space in a container because their particles are always moving randomly.

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4
Q
  • Display an understanding that all gases and liquids are fluids by listing the properties of fluids.
A

They are all fluids because the particles are separated and they can move around freely. and they take the shape of a container

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5
Q

Volume of 1 cm3 = 1 mL of a fluid.

A

1 cubic centimeter (cm³) is the same as 1 milliliter (mL) of fluid.

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6
Q

State that all matter is composed of particles.

A

Everything is made up of tiny particles, like atoms or molecules. Atoms are the smallest particles

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7
Q

Explain the Particle Model.

A

The Particle Model explains that matter is made up of particles that are always moving and have spaces between them. The way they move and are arranged depends on the state of matter.

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8
Q

Use the particle model to explain the differences in the properties of solids, liquids & gases.

A

Solids: Particles are tightly packed, vibrate in place, and have a fixed shape and volume.

Liquids: Particles are close together but can move past each other, allowing liquids to flow. They have a fixed volume but no fixed shape.

Gases: Particles are far apart, move quickly in all directions, and have neither a fixed shape nor volume.

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9
Q

State that all particles are continuously moving and that gas particles move fastest whilst solid particles move slowest.

A

Particles in all states are always moving. Gas particles move the fastest, and solid particles move the slowest.

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10
Q

Determine what happens to the speed of particles when heated or cooled.

A

When heated, particles move faster.
When cooled, particles move slower.

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11
Q

State the instrument used to determine the temperature of substances.

A

A thermometer is used to measure the temperature of substances

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12
Q

Show an understanding that if gases are to be liquefied their particles must slow down by cooling them.

A

To turn a gas into a liquid, you must cool it down, causing the particles to slow down and move closer together

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13
Q

Define an element as being composed of only 1 type of atom.

A

An element is a pure substance made up of only one type of atom.

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14
Q

what is an atom

A

An atom is made up of three parts:

Protons – Positively charged particles in the nucleus (center).
Neutrons – Neutral charge
particles in the nucleus.
Electrons – Negatively charged particles that orbit the nucleus in shells.

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15
Q

what is a atomic number.

A

The atomic number is the number of protons in an atom’s nucleus. It determines the element and its place on the periodic table. For example, carbon has an atomic number of 6, meaning it has 6 protons. It also represents where on the periodic table it is,

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16
Q

State the difference between elements, compounds and mixtures.

A

Element: Made of one type of atom.

Compound: Two or more different atoms chemically bonded.

Mixture: Two or more substances mixed together, but not chemically bonded.

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17
Q

List the 3 types of elements that make up the periodic table and the positions of each.

A

Metals: On the left side.
Nonmetals: On the right side.
Metalloids: In between metals and nonmetals.

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18
Q

Know what Periods and Groups represent in the Periodic Table.

A

Periods: The numbers that are on the side of the table.

Groups: the number on top of the table.

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19
Q

Know how to find atomic number and mass number on a periodic table.

A

Atomic number: The number of protons, found at the top of an element’s box.

Mass number: The total of protons and neutrons, usually at the bottom of the element’s box.

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20
Q

Being able to draw and label different parts of an atom: neutrons, protons, electrons and nucleus.

A

Protons and neutrons are in the nucleus (center of the atom).

Electrons orbit around the nucleus in shells.

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21
Q
  1. State the difference between chemical and physical properties.
A

A physical property is a characteristic of a substance that can be observed or measure without changing the identity of the substance.

A chemical property describes the ability of a substance to undergo a specific chemical change.

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22
Q
  1. State the difference between chemical and physical change.
A

Chemical change: A substance changes into a new substance (e.g., burning wood).

Physical change: A substance changes in form, but not in chemical makeup (e.g., ice melting).

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23
Q
  1. Display an understanding that a chemical reaction (change) involves a rearrangement of atoms only.
A

A chemical reaction is the re arranging of atoms to form a new substance without creating or destroying any atoms.

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24
Q
  1. Define a precipitate.
A

A precipitate is a solid that forms from a liquid during a chemical reaction.

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25
write a chemical reaction
A word equation shows the reactants and products in a chemical reaction (e.g., hydrogen + oxygen → water). Sodium + Chlorine → Sodium Chloride
26
Display an understanding that → does NOT mean =
The → means "produces" not "equals."
27
7 Define reactant and product.
Reactant: The starting substances in a chemical reaction (e.g., hydrogen and oxygen). Product: The substances produced in a chemical reaction (e.g., water).
28
8. Explain what is meant by reaction rate.
Reaction rate is how fast or slow a chemical reaction happens.
29
9. Define catalyst.
A catalyst is a substance that speeds up a reaction without changing the end product.
30
10. Define rust/corrosion.
Rust or corrosion is the slow breakdown of metals, especially iron, when they react with water and oxygen.
31
11. Understanding the word equation of rust.
Iron + Oxygen + Water → Rust (Iron Oxide)
32
Explain factors that speed up/slow down rusting.
Speed up rusting: More moisture, higher temperature, salt (like in seawater). Slow down rusting: Less moisture, paint or coating to protect the metal. and Zinc
33
Diffusion
Is when something is spread out more widely
34
* Define the Law of Conservation of Energy
Energy can't be created or destroyed. It can only change form.
35
* Define the term ‘kinetic energy’ and examples
This is the energy of moving things. For example, moving cars, light, sound, and electricity are forms of kinetic energy.
36
* Identify bodies that possess kinetic energy because of their motion.
Everything that moves has kinetic energy, like cars, falling objects, or even air particles.
37
* Define potential energy as stored energy and examples
Potential energy is the stored energy in an object due to its position, properties, and forces acting on it. Common types of potential energy include gravitational, elastic, magnetic, and electric.
38
* Differentiate between gravitational, chemical and elastic potential energy.
Gravitational: Stored energy of an object that is high up. Chemical: Stored in chemicals, released during reactions like burning. Elastic: Stored in stretchy objects like springs or rubber bands.
39
* Outline examples of transformations from potential and kinetic energy into other forms
Energy can change from one type to another. For example, electrical energy from a powerpoint turns into light and heat energy when used in a electrical lamp.
40
* Use flow diagrams to illustrate changes between different forms of energy.
Chemical energy to Electrical Energy to Light+Heat+Sound Batteries Through Cords Phones
41
* Differences of efficiency between light bulbs, e.g. Incandescent, LED, Halogen,
Different light bulbs have different efficencys like incandescent light on produce 2% light and 98% heat which is not effeicent. Led are efficent producing 76% ligh and 24% heat. Finally halogen are not very efficent either because they only produce 20% of light and 80% heat.
42
* Recognise that heat energy is always produced as a by-product of energy transfers.
: When energy is transferred, heat is usually produced. This happens when energy moves from one object to another with a different temperature.
43
* Describe and compare the transfer of heat by conduction, convection and radiation.
Conduction: Heat moves through direct contact between objects. Convection: Heat moves through fluids (liquids or gases). Radiation: Heat moves through space as electromagnetic waves (like sunlight).
44
* Define heat as energy in transit from one object or substance to another object or substance with a lower temperature.
Heat is the energy that moves from a warmer object to a cooler one until both reach the same temperature. ________________________________________
45
* Describe and compare the different sources of light, e.g. Bioluminescence, Luminous, etc.
Luminous: Objects that give off their own light (e.g., the Sun, light bulbs). Non-luminous: Objects that don't produce light, but can reflect it (e.g., the Moon, rocks). Incandescent: Light from hot objects (like a light bulb). Bioluminescent: Light from living things, like fireflies. Non-luminous: Objects that don’t give off light on their own.
46
* Differentiate between luminous and non-luminous objects and know examples of each.
Luminous: objects that give off their own light Some example are the Sun, stars, electric bulbs, torches, tube lights, candles Non-luminous: do not emit their own light For example moon, metals, rocks, houses.
47
* Describe and compare the different sources of light, e.g. Bioluminescence, Luminous, etc.
Incandescent: Light from hot objects (like a light bulb). Bioluminescent: Light from living things, like fireflies. Non-luminous: Objects that don’t give off light on their own.
48
What is electromagnetic Radiation?
This is energy that moves in waves, including radio waves, light, and x-rays.
49
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50
* Differences between concave and convex lenses
Concave: Curves inward, spreads light out. Convex: Curves outward, brings light together.
51
law of reflection
the angle of reflection equals the angle of incidence
52
* Explain how images are formed by the human eye
Light enters our eyes and forms an image on the retina, which sends the image to the brain.
53
* Differences between far-sightedness and near-sightedness
Myopia/ Short Sightedness: Is a person who can not she sharp images of distant things. Hyperopia/ Long Sightedness: This is a person who cannot see things close to them.
54
* Types of corrective lenses that can improve eyesight.
Concave, convex Multifocal Lenses, bifocal, trifocal
55
List what the Pupil, Iris, Lens, Retina, Optic Nerve, cornea, Vitreous Humour, aqueous Humour.
Pupil: Lets light into the eye Iris: Controls the size of the pupil Lens: Focuses light onto the retina Retina: Detects light by using the cell photoreceptors Optic nerve: Receives signals from the retina and sends them to the brain. Cornea: Protects front of the eye. Vitreous Humour: Helps they eye maintain its shape. Aqueous humour: Brings nutrients to the lens and the cornea
56
* Describe sound as a series of vibrating air particles.
When a source, or something that produces sound, vibrates, it transfers its energy to the surrounding particles causing them to vibrate. Those particles then bump into the ones next to them and so on. This causes the particles to move back and forth and waves of energy to move outward in all directions from the source.
57
1. Refraction: 2. Rarefaction: 3. Reflection: 4. Diffraction:
* Refraction: Bending of light or waves when they pass from one material to another. * Rarefaction: The part of a sound wave where particles are spread out. * Reflection: When light or sound bounces off an object. * Diffraction: When waves spread out after passing through a gap.
58
5. Dispersion: 6.Amplitude: 7. Frequency:
* Dispersion: Separation of light into colors (like in a rainbow). * Amplitude: The height of a wave, related to the energy it carries. * Frequency: The number of waves that pass a point each second.
59
8. Convex: 9. Concave:
* Convex: A lens or mirror that curves outward. * Concave: A lens or mirror that curves inward.
60
10. Diverging 11. Converging
10. Diverging The process of light spreading out after passing through a lens or bouncing off a mirror. 11. Converging The process of light coming together at a point after passing through a lens or bouncing off a mirror.
61
12. Conduction: 13. Convection 14. Radiation:
* Conduction: Heat transfer through direct contact. * Convection: Heat transfer in fluids due to movement. * Radiation: Heat transfer through waves (like sunlight). ________________________________________
62
21: Chemical Potential energy: 22: Elastic Potential Energy: 23: Gravitational Potential Energy: 19: Sound Energy: 20: Light energy: 25: Electrical energy:
* Chemical Potential Energy: Energy stored in chemicals, released during reactions. * Elastic Potential Energy: Energy stored in objects that can stretch or compress, like springs. * Gravitational Potential Energy: Energy an object has due to its height. * Sound Energy: Kinetic energy from vibrations that move through air. * Light Energy: Kinetic energy from light that we can see. * Electrical Energy: Kinetic energy used to power things with electricity.
63
15: Infrared: 16:X-rays: 17: Gamma Rays: 18: Microwaves: .
15. Infrared: Infrared is heat you can’t see but can feel, like from the sun or a heater. 16. X-rays: X-rays are used by doctors to see inside your body, like checking bones. 17. Gamma Rays: Gamma rays are very strong rays that can go through things. Doctors use them to treat diseases like cancer. 18. Microwaves: Microwaves are used to heat food in a microwave oven and also for things like phone signals. A Microwave just mean shorter wavelength.
64
Two types of waves
Transvers waves they are curvy, Longitudinal waves are straight.
65
Describe how sound is produced
All sounds are produced by vibrations.
66
Describe how we hear sounds.
The particles of air that vibrate when a sound is made don’t move from the source of the sound to your ear. They just move backwards and forwards. Each vibrating particle makes the next one vibrate — that’s how the sound energy travels through the air. The distance that each vibrating particle moves from its usual resting place is known as the sound’s amplitude. Higher amplitudes make louder sounds.

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