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BIO105 - Genetics (Ivan) > 5b : The central Dogma > Flashcards

5b : The central Dogma Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Flow/process in central dogma

A

DNA-> Rna -> Protein
(From gene to protein)

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2
Q

DNA -> mRNA

A

Transcription

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3
Q

mRNA - > Protein

A

Translation

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4
Q

The site where Transcription occurs

A

Nucleus

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5
Q

Site where translation Occurs

A

Ribosome

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6
Q
  • semiconservative
  • Synthesis in 5’ to 3’
    direction
  • Primer is needed for initations
  • complex process involving several enzymes and protein
A

DNA replication

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7
Q

needed for initiation

A

Primer

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8
Q

a complex process involving several enzymes and proteins

A

Replisome

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9
Q

a large protein complex that carries out DNA replication, starting at the replication origin

A

Replisome

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10
Q

base pairing allows each strand to serve as a template for a new strand

A

Replication of DNA

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11
Q

Introduced semi-conservative replication

A

Meselson and Stahl (1958)

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12
Q
  • label “parent” nucleotides in DNA strands with heavy nitrogen = ^15N
  • label new nucleotides with lighter isotope =^14N
A

Meselson & Stahl

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13
Q

lighter isotope

A

^14N

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14
Q

heavy nitrogen

A

^15N

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15
Q

Mode of DNA replication process (experiment of Meselson & Stahl)

A
  1. Bacteria cultured in medium containing ^15N
  2. Bacteria transfered to medium containing ^14N
  3. DNA sample centrifuged after 20 min (First replication)
  4. DNA sample centrifuged after 40 min (Secon replication)
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16
Q

Alternative models of DNA replication

A
  • Conservative
  • Semiconservative
  • Dispersive
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17
Q

The parental double helix remain intact and an all new copy is made

A

Conservative model

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18
Q

The two parent strands of the parental molecule, seperates, and each function as a template for synthesis of a new complementary strand

A

Semiconvervative model

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19
Q

Each strand of both daughter molecules contains a mixture of old and newly synthesized parts

A
  • Dispersive model
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20
Q

Types of DNA polymerases

A
  • DNA Polymerase I
  • DNA Polymerase II
  • DNA Polymerase III
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21
Q

Functions of DNA Polymerase I

A

-5’ to 3’ polymerization
-3’ to 5’ proof reading
-5’ to 3’ exonuclease activity

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22
Q

Functions of DNA Polymerase II

A

DNA repair function

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23
Q

DNA Polymerase III

A

Primary replication enzyme

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24
Q

Proofreading during DNA replication

A
  • Polymerase adds incorrect nucleotide
  • Polymerase detects the mispaired bases
  • Polymerase use 3’ to 5’ exonuclease activity to remove intact nucleotide
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25
Q

Replication fork components

A

-Helicase
-Single-strand binding protein
-Topoisomerase
-Primase
-DNA pol I and III
- DNA Ligase

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26
Q

unwinds parental double helix at replication forks

A
  • helicase
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27
Q

Binds to and stabilizes single-stranded DNA until it can be used as a template

A

Single-strand binding protein

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28
Q

corrects ‘overwinding’ ahead of replication forks by breaking, swiveling and rejoining DNA strands

A

Topoisomerase

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29
Q

Synthesize a single RNA primer at 5’ end of the leading strand

A

Primase

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30
Q

Synthesize an RNA primer at the 5’ end of an okazaki fragments

A

Primase

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31
Q

Joins the 3’ end of the DNA that replaces the primer to the rest of the leading strand

A

DNA Ligase

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32
Q

Joins the okazaki Fragments

A

DNA Ligase

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33
Q
  • from DNA nucleic acid language
  • to RNA nucleic acid language
A

Transcription

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34
Q
  • transcribed DNA strand
  • untranscribed DNA strand
  • synthesis of complementary RNA strand
A

Making mRNA

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35
Q

transcribed DNA strand =

A

Template strand

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36
Q

untranscribed DNA strand =

A

coding strand

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37
Q

synthesis of complementary RNA strand

A

Making mRNA

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38
Q

synthesis of complementary RNA strand

A

Transcription bubble

39
Q

Enzyme used in making mRNA

A

RNA Polymerase

40
Q

Direction in which RNA polymerase build RNA

A

5’ to 3’

41
Q

Transcription in prokaryotes

A
  1. Initiation
  2. Elongation
  3. Termination
42
Q

RNA polymerase binds to promoter sequence on DNA

A

Initiation

43
Q

Role of promoter (sequence on DNA)

A
  • Starting point
  • Template strand
  • Direction on DNA
44
Q
  • where to start reading
  • start of gene
A

Starting point

45
Q

which strand to read

A

Template strand

46
Q
  • always read DNA 3’
    to 5’
  • build RNA 5’ to 3’
A

Direction on DNA

47
Q

RNA polymerase copies DNA as it unwinds

A

Elongation

48
Q

Simple proofreading

A
  • 1 error/105 bases
  • make many mRNAs
  • mRNA has short life
  • not worth editing!
49
Q

RNA polymerase stops at termination sequence

A

Termination

50
Q

Components of RNA Polymerase Holoenzyme

A
  • 2 αββ’
  • (2 αββ’) δ
51
Q

2 αββ’

A

Core enzyme

52
Q

(2 αββ’) δ

A

RNA Polymerase holoenzyme

53
Q

Prokaryotic Termination of Transcription

A
  • Rho-independent termination
  • Rho-dependent termination
54
Q

palindromic GC-rich region (hairpin loop) followed by a stretch of
9A’s (AAA….) in the DNA being transcribed

A

Rho-independent termination

55
Q

the Rho protein is responsible for termination

A

Rho-dependent termination

56
Q

noncoding (inbetween) sequence

A

Intron

57
Q

coding (expressed) sequence

A

Exon

58
Q

Transcription in Eukaryotes

A
  • 3 RNA polymerase enzymes
  • Initiation complex
59
Q
  • only transcribes rRNA genes
  • makes ribosomes
A

RNA polymerase I

60
Q

Transcribes genes into mRNA

A

RNA polymerase 2

61
Q

only transcribes tRNA genes

A

RNA polymerase 3

62
Q
  • transcription factors bind to promoter regionupstream of gene
  • transcription factors
    trigger the binding of RNA
    polymerase to DNA
A

Initiation complex

63
Q

______ bind to ____ upstream of gene

A

Transcription factors; promoter region

64
Q

recognition site for transcription factors

A

TATA box binding site

65
Q

3 steps of eukaryotic transcription

A
  • Initiation
  • Elongation
  • Termination
66
Q

Post-transcriptional processing

A
  • Primary transcript
  • mRNA processing
67
Q

eukaryotic mRNA needs work after transcription

A

Primary transcript

68
Q

making mature mRNA

A

mRNA Processing

69
Q
  • addition of a methylated G nucleotide to the 5’ end of the transcript
A

Capping

70
Q

Addition of 100-200 residues of poly A’s to the 3’ end even before termination of transcription has completed

A

Tailing

71
Q

Purpose of Tailing

A
  1. aids in export of mature mRNA from nucleus stability,
  2. prevents degradation from 3’ end
  3. serves as recognition signal for ribosome
72
Q

Introns are cut out of immature RNA transcripts

A

Splicing

73
Q

RNA is ____

A

Ribozyme

74
Q

catalytically active RNA molecules or RNA- protein complexes, in which solely the RNA provides catalytic activity

A

Ribozyme

75
Q

Who discovered ribozyme

A
  • Sidney Altman
  • Thomas Cech
76
Q

Components of translation machinery

A
  1. Ribosomes
  2. Messenger RNA
  3. Transfer RNA
  4. amino acyl synthetase
  5. Proteins factors
77
Q
  • protein factory composed of aggregates of RNA and protein 70S in prokaryotes and 80S in eukaryotes
A

Ribosome

78
Q

RNA protein for prokaryotes

A

70s

79
Q

RNA protein for Eukaryotes

A

80S

80
Q

Facilitate coupling of tRNA anticodon to mRNA codon

A

Ribosome

81
Q

Structure of ribosome

A
  • ribosomal RNA (rRNA) & proteins
  • 2 subunits (Large and Small)
82
Q

Different ribosomes sites

A
  • A site
  • P site
  • E site
83
Q

A site

A

aminoacyl-tRNA site

84
Q

P site

A

peptidyl-tRNA site

85
Q

E site

A

Exit site

86
Q

holds tRNA carrying next amino acid to
be added to chain

A

A site (aminoacyl-tRNA site)

87
Q

holds tRNA carrying growing polypeptide chain

A

P site (peptidyl-tRNA site)

88
Q

empty tRNA leaves ribosome from exit site

A

E site (exit site)

89
Q

bears amino acid sequence

A

mRNA

90
Q

Structure of Transfer RNA

A
  • “Clover leaf” structure
91
Q

What can be found on the clover leaf end?

A

Anticodon

92
Q

What can be found attached on the 3’ of the clover leaf structure

A

amino acid

93
Q
A

BIO105 - Genetics (Ivan) (2 decks)

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