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Module 5 > 5A - Photosynthesis and Respiration > Flashcards

5A - Photosynthesis and Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

Features of thylakiod membrane?

A

Folded membranes with photosynthetic proteins like cholorphyll and electron carrier proteins which are embedded within these membranes - involed in LDR

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2
Q

Features of stroma?

A

Contains eznymes needed for LIR

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3
Q

Inner and outer membrane funtion?

A

controls what can enter and leave the cell

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4
Q

Inner and outer membrane funtion?

A

controls what can enter and leave the cell

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5
Q

Chlorophyll exists as….

A

Cholorophyll A and B

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6
Q

Each pigment absorbs a….

A

different wavelength of light

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7
Q

The light absorbed by cholorphyll leads to…

A

Photoionisation

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8
Q

Why does cholorphyll A and B look green?

A

Green is reflected as all the other colours of the visible light spectrum are absorbed

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9
Q

Advantage of hvaing multiple pigments to plants?

A
  • A wider range of wavelengths of light are absorbed
  • So more light energy is absorbed for LDR (more photoionisation of cholorphyll)
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10
Q

Photosynthesis stages?

A

LDR - light dependent reaction
LIR - light independent reaction

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11
Q

Location of LDR?

A

Thylakoid membranes/grana

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12
Q

Location of LIR?

A

Stroma

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13
Q

LDR requires…

A

Light

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14
Q

Prodcuts of LDR which will be needed in LIR?

A

ATP and reduced NADP

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15
Q

LDR 4 stages?

A
  1. Photoionisation
  2. Production of ATP and reduced NADP
  3. Chemiosmosis
  4. Photolysis
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16
Q

Define photolysis

A

Spiltting of water using light

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17
Q

What happens during photolysis?

A
  1. cholorphyll absorbs light energy
  2. Spilts water into oxgyen, H+ and e-
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18
Q

Describe what happens to the 3 products of photolysis.

A

H+ - picked up by NADP to form reduced NADP (or NADPH) to be used in LIR
e- - moves along a chain of electron carrier proteins
Oxygen - used for repsiration or diffuses out of the leaf through the stomata

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19
Q

What happens during photoionisation?

A
  1. Cholorphyll absorbs ligjht energy
  2. Electrons become excited
  3. Raise up an energy level to leave the cholorphyll
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20
Q

How does chemiosmosis take place in LDR?

A
  1. Excited electrons lose energy as they move down the electron transport chain
  2. The energy is used to transport protons into the thylakoid, so the thylakoid has a higher concentration of protons than the stroma
  3. This forms a proton gradient
  4. Protons move down their concentration gradient via the enzyme ATP synthase, which is embedded in the thylakoid membrane
  5. The energy from this movement combines ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi) to form ATP
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21
Q

How is reduced NADP made in LDR?

A

Electrons and proton is transferred to NADP to form reduced NADP

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22
Q

Another name for light independent reaction is…

A

the Calvin cycle

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23
Q

Why is ATP hydrolysed during LIR?

A

To provide energy for this reaction

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24
Q

Why does reduced NADP donate hydrogens in LIR?

A

To reduce GP molecules

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25
Q

3 main stages of LIR?

A
  1. Carbon dioxide combines with ribulose bisphosphate to form 2 molcules of gylcerate 3-phosphate
  2. Reduction of GP into triose phosphate using the products of the LDR - ATP and reduced NADP
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26
Q

Describe first stage of LIR

A
  1. Carbon dioxide enters leaf through stomata and diffuses into the stroma
  2. Combines with ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP)
  3. Catalysed by enzyme rubisco
  4. 2 molecules of glycerate 3-phosphate produced (GP)
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27
Q

Describe second stage of LIR

A
  1. GP is reduced to triose phosphate
  2. Requires ATP hydrolysis from LDR
  3. Also requires H+ ions from reduced NADP from LDR. Reduced NADP is recycled to NADP
  4. Triose phosphate uses: converted into useful organic compounds and some needed to regenrate RuBP
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28
Q

Describe third stage of LIR

A
  1. 5/6 molcules of TP needed to regenerate RuBP
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29
Q

What organic substances can be made from LIR?

A

carbohydrates, lipids and proteins

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30
Q

Define limiting factor

A

Any factor that reduces the rate of photosynthesis

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31
Q

What are examples of limiting factors?

A

temperature, light intensity, concentration of carbon dioxide, wavelength of light

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32
Q

Describe how temperature affects photosynthesis

A
  • Affects LIR because it is an enzyme controlled reaction (enzyme is rubisco)
  • If too cold then not enough kinetic energy
  • ## If too hot then ezymes denature
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33
Q

Describe how carbon dioxide concentration affects photosynthesis

A
  • Affects LIR
  • Because co2 is one of the reactants entering the Calvin cycle
  • Initially, rate of photosynthesis increases as CO2 concentration increases therefore positive correlation
  • Curve plateus
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34
Q

How can you tell what is the limiting factor when the graph plateaus?

A

The factor that is not on the x axis

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35
Q

How do farmers maximise rate of photosynthesis whilst thinking about the cost/profit to make it cost effective?

A

Artificial lighting to maximise light, heating a green house to increase temperature and burn fuel from paraffin heaters to release ore carbon dioxide

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36
Q

4 stages of aerobic respiration?

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Link Reaction
  3. Krebs Cycle
  4. oxidative Phospohrylation
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37
Q

Glycolysis location?

A

cytoplasm

38
Q

Link reaction location?

A

mitochondrial matrix

39
Q

Krebs cycle location?

A

mitochondrial matrix

40
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation location?

A

mitochondrial inner membrane cristae

41
Q

Anaerobic respiration stages?

A

glycolysis only

42
Q

Stages of glycolysis?

A
  1. Phosphorylating glucose to glucose phosphate using ATP
  2. Production of Triose Phosphate
  3. Oxidation of triose phosphate to produce pyruvate with a net gain of ATP and reduced NAD
43
Q

Products of glycolysis?

A
  • x2 pyruvate
  • net gain of 2ATP
  • x2 reduced NAD
44
Q

How are carbohydrates made from triose phosphate and GP?

A

Hexose sugars - joining 2 triose phosphate molecules together (glucose)

Larger carbohydrates - joining hexose sugars in differeny ways (sucorse, starch and cellulose)

45
Q

How are lipids made from triose phosphate and GP?

A

Glycerol - from triose phosphate

Fatty acids - from glycerate 3-phosphate

46
Q

How are amino acids made from triose phosphate and GP?

A

glycerate 3-phosphate

47
Q

Energy from photoionisation of chlorphyll uses?

A
  1. Photophosphorylation - making ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate
  2. Making reduced NADP from NADP
  3. Photolysis
48
Q

Two types of photophosphorylation?

A

Cyclic and Non Cyclic

49
Q

Products of cyclic phosphorylation?

A

ATP

50
Q

Products of non-cyclic phosphorylation?

A

ATP, reduced NADP and oxygen

51
Q

What happens during cylic phosphorylation?

A
  1. ‘Cyclic’ because electrons from chlorophyll aren’t passed onto NADP but pass back to PS1 via electron carriers
  2. So electrons are recycled and repeatedly flow through PS1
52
Q

How many times does the Calvin cycle need to turn to make one hexose sugar?

A

6

53
Q

How many molecules of triose phosphate made for every one carbon dioxide molecule used?

A

2

54
Q

A hexose sugar has 6 carbons. A triose phosphate molecule has 3 carbons. How many molecules of triose phospahet needed to make one hexose sugar?

A

2

55
Q

How many ATPs and reduced NADPs needed for 6 turns of the Calcin cycle to make one hexose sugar?

A

18 ATP and 12 reduced NADP

56
Q

Why is the Calcin cycle ongoing?

A

Make sure always enough RuBP ready to combine carbon dioxide taken in from the atmosphere

57
Q

Define metabolic pathway

A

series of small reactions controlled by enzymes (respiration and photsynthesis)

58
Q

Define phosphorylation

A

adding phosphate to a molecule (ADP is phosphorylated to ATP)

59
Q

Define photophosphorylation

A

adding phospahte to a molecule using light

60
Q

Define photoionisation

A

when light energy ‘excites’ electrons in an atom/molecule, giving them more energy and causing them to be released, molecule sbecomes a posotively charged ion

61
Q

Define hydrolysis

A

splitting (lysis) of a molecule using water (hydro)

62
Q

Define decarboxylation

A

removal of carbon dioxide from a molecule

63
Q

Define hydrogenation

A

removal of hydrogen from a molecule

64
Q

Define redox reactions

A

reactions that involve oxidation and reaction

65
Q

Define reduction in terms of electrons, oxygen and hydrogen

A
  • gained e-
  • gained hydrogen
  • loss of oxygen
66
Q

Define oxidation in terms of electrons, oxygen and hydrogen

A
  • loss of e-
  • loss of hydrogen
  • gain of oxygen
67
Q

What biological processes do plants need energy for?

A

Photosynthesis, active transport, DNA replication, cell division, protein synthesis

68
Q

What biological proccess do animals need energy for?

A

Muscle contraction, body temperature maintenance, active transport, DNA replication, cell division, protein synthesis

69
Q

Photosynthesis equation?

A

6CO2 + 6H20 = C6H12O6 + 6O2

70
Q

Respiration equation?

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy

71
Q

How do animals obtain glucose?

A

eating plants and other animals

72
Q

Products of anaerobic respiration is plants and yeast and humans?

A

Yeast and Plants - ethanol and carbon dioxide
Humans - lactate

73
Q

Link reaction stages?

A
  1. Pyruvate is decarboxylated
  2. Pyruvate oxidise to form acetate
  3. NAD reduced to form reduced NAD
  4. Acetate combines with coenzyme A forming acetyl coenzyme A (CoA)
  5. No ATP made
74
Q

Why does link reaction and Krebs cycle happen twice for each glucose molecule?

A

Because 2 pyruvate molecules are made for every glucose molecule

75
Q

Products of link reaction and their uses?

A

2 CO2s - waste product
2 acetyl coenzyme As - for krebs cycle
2 reduced NADs - for oxidative phosphorylation

76
Q

Krebs cycles involves

A

a series of redox reactions

77
Q

First stage of Krebs cycle?

A
  1. Acetyle coenzyme A comibnes with a 4C molecule to form a 6C molecule
  2. Coenzyme A goes back to link reaction to be used again
78
Q

Second stage of Krebs cycle?

A
  1. 6C conerted to 5C molecule
  2. Decarboxylation and dehydrogenation occur
  3. Hydrogen needed to reduce NAD into redcued NAD
79
Q

Third stage of Krebs cycle?

A
  1. 5C molecule into 4C molecule
  2. Decarboxylation and dehydrognation makes x1 reduced NAD and x2 reduced NAD
  3. Substrate level phosphorylation - 6C converted into 4C molecule
80
Q

Products of Krebs cycle and their uses?

A
  • 1 coenzyme A = next link reaction
  • 4C molecule = next Krebs cycle
  • 2 CO2 = waste product
  • 1 ATP = energy
  • 3 reduced NAD = oxidative phosphorylation
  • 1 redcued FAD = oxidative phosphorylation
81
Q

Most of cells ATP made in

A

oxidative phosphorylation

82
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation involved in…

A

chemiosmosis and electron transport chain

83
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation stages?

A
  1. reduced NAD and redcued FAD are oxidised to NAD and FAD, releasing hydrogen atoms that spilt into protons and electrons
  2. Electrons move down the electron transport chain losing energy at each carrier
  3. Energy used to pump protons from mitochondrial matrix into intermembrane space
  4. Concentration of protons higher in intermebrane space than mitochondrial membranes, forming an electrochemical gradient
  5. protons move down electrochemical gradient from intermembrane space into mitochondrial membrane by ATP synthase, creating ATP from ADP and Pi
  6. This is chemiosmosis - ATP production is drived by movement of protons by a membrane
  7. Oxygen acts as a terminal electron acceptor - protons, electrons and oxygen to form water
84
Q

How many ATPs made from redcued NAD?

A

2.5

85
Q

How many ATPs made from redcued FAD?

A

1.5

86
Q

Mitochondrial diseases affects how…

A

proteins are involed in oxidative phosphorylation, reducing ATP production

87
Q

Why would a mitochondrial disease cause anaerobic respiration to increase?

A

to make up some ATP shortage

88
Q

lots of lactate being produced can lead to

A

muscle fatigue and weakness

89
Q

lots of lactate diffuses into the bloodsteeam then…

A

There will be a high concentration of lactate in the blood

90
Q

other biological molecules that can be used as respiratory substrates include…

A

fatty acids
amino acids

Module 5 (2 decks)

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