5.A - how are places created through "PLACEMAKING"? Flashcards
1
Q
why have some urban areas declined in the last 50 years?
A
- deindustrialisation/structural economic change (e.g. Sheffield/Glasgow)
- N/S divide (less investment/access/govt spending)
- time-space compression (globalisation/the internet)
- cyclical economic change
2
Q
who is usually involved in placemaking?
A
- local and national govts. bring the money and ultimately make the decisions
- businesses and TNCs drive investment
- tourists drive placemaking
- architects/planners
- successful placemaking deals with how PEOPLE will interact with a place. people-centric approach
3
Q
what is placemaking?
A
- placemaking centres around the planning, design and management of public spaces
- it creates/improves places to live and work in
- it has people at the heart
- its not only about economic gain
- it focuses on how the environment and society would benefit
4
Q
how is regeneration important in placemaking?
A
- places which have faced decline, a recession or a negative structural change may be in need of regenerating
- includes attracting new businesses/cultural opportunities and encourage wealthy migrants to these places
- placemaking needs to make these places ‘desirable’ to enourage industries/TNCs/people/cultural scenes to locate in the place
5
Q
how is ATTRACTING FDI important in placemaking?
A
- tourists and companies
- advances the economic development of the place
- creates new jobs
- creates dynamic and globally connected places- more involved in international business activities
6
Q
why might it be difficult to always attract FDI?
A
- could create disparities as it will only go to certain places
- because of the globalised nature of the world, you’re competeing with literally every city in the world
- places are competing to attract only a few companies
7
Q
how are governments involved in placemaking?
A
- get involved in TOP DOWN schemes
- often the ultimate decision makers especially for big projects like HS2
- they can change the rules to attract FDI
- they encourage FDI to help overcome problems of structural change. For this, infrastructure needs improving and the govt needs to offer financial incentives.
- EU investment involves ERDF money in projects like the Eden Project. through investing in projects and boosting a place’s economy it brings about social and enironmental improvements
- UK govt has established Development Corporations in big cities in need of investment. They aquire land that is not used, clean it up and try to attract investors.
8
Q
how did Nissan positively impact sunderland?
A
- land was sold at agricultural prices by govt (cheap)
- govt also offered grant of £10 mill
- Nissan invested £2.1 billion in the site
- 5,000 jobs
- economic ecosystem
9
Q
how significant are governments in placemaking?
A
- provide the money and resources
- actually make the decisions
- large scale
- only player that can attract FDI by offering grants/cheap land. can be transformational e.g. Nissan in Sunderland
- local vs national govt changes scale and therefore perhaps importance
- might not cater to the people. wont be transformative for everyone
10
Q
how are planners and architects involved in placemaking?
A
- closely linked to the govt at a local level
- they create LOCAL PLANS
- these provide the framework for what should be built or how land should be used
- Local Authorities (LAs) contract architects for design work but have to approve their plans - so the ultimate power over placemaking rests with them
- through designs, architects have the power to transform a place completely. make or break.
- promoting the 24 hr city which will change people’s perception of cities at night
- designs may be radical or reflect culture.
- poor designs can lead to social problems
11
Q
how did governments have a placemaking impact through the London Docklands?
A
- cost £390 mill of public money (enormous scale, only govts could do it)
- resulted in £8000 million private investment
- huge economic improvements
- 24,000 extra housing units
- 80,000 jobs
- cleaned up docks
- employment is 3x higher
12
Q
how significant are planners and architects in placemaking?
A
- Sydney Opera House = ICONIC. transformed the harbourside
- makes the place more attractive/popular
- people visit there
- has the power to shape a place positively or negatively
- e.g. Hulme in Manchester
13
Q
how are community groups involved in placemaking?
A
- with community based participation, effective placemaking makes the most of a local communities assets, inspiration and expertise
- results in the creation of public spaces people WANT and can contribute to their health and wellbeing
- parish councils, resident’s associations or heritage associations
- implement small scale change to get places changed to suit the needs of the local people
- HAs help preserve key historic features
- digital technology means more people can get involved in the process. opinions heard through social media and forums
14
Q
how significant are community groups in placemaking?
A
- smaller scale
- more implementing finishing touches
- have very little power over actual decision making and they more just advise those with the money to implement change
- really good bottom up placemaking (small scale that attracts people to the place and therefore can initiate big scale change
- e.g. Bath Heritage Watch Dog tried to stop KFC being built due to fear of ↑ litter - it was built anyway.
15
Q
how can placemaking go wrong?
A
- HULME, MANCHESTER
- built 1960s, demolished 1990s
- 13,000 people in a small area
- 30x more likely to be mugged/murdered
- 3x more likely to show signs of stress
- children have no place to play even though they were designed for families
- antisocial behaviour - cycle of deprivation
