560P Botanical Exams Flashcards
Is the following pharmacological effect one of gingko biloba’s or one of St John’s Wort?
Upregulates 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors
Hypericum perforatum
What is the active constituent of the following botanical?
European mistletoe
Lectins
Which alcoholic beverage uses wormwood as an ingredient? A - Amaretto B - Absinthe C - Brandy D - Kahlua
B - Absinthe
Botanicals best known for skin disorders:
Aloe vera, Comfrey, Tea tree oil, Witch Hazel, Calendula
What is the typical plant part used in preparations for the following botanical?
Ashwagandha, Rhodiola, and Astragalus
root
For which TWO painful conditions have Devils Claw preparations been studied in controlled trials? A - Migraine headache B - Tension headache C - Diabetic neuropathy D - Osteoarthritis E - Chronic Back Pain
D - Osteoarthritis
E - Chronic Back Pain
Is the following pharmacological effect one of gingko biloba’s or one of St John’s Wort?
Inhibits synaptic reuptake of neurotransmitters
Hypericum perforatum
Which botanical agent may increase the potency of certain antibiotics? A - Arnica B - Bromelain C - Witch Hazel D - Evening Primrose oil
B - Bromelain
What part of the plant is used in preparation for the following botanical?
Ginger
Rhizome only
What is the plant part typically used in preparations for the following botanical?
Rosemary
Leaves
Large amounts of a dangerous toxin are found in which gingko preparation? A - commercial standardized extracts B - roasted seeds C - root D - bark
B - roasted seed
What is the active constituent for the following herb?
Chamomile
apigenin
What part of the plant is used in preparation for the following botanical?
Caraway
Fruit (Seed)
A combination of Hawthorne extract and what essential oil was found effective for raising blood pressure in subjects with orthostatic hypotension? A - Camphor oil B - Lavender oil C - Peppermint oil D - Rosemary oil
Camphor oil
Which herb has been best demonstrated for effectiveness against benign prostatic hypertrophy, based on the largest number of total subjects enrolled in randomized controlled trials, and comparisons with both placebo and established medical therapies? A - Saw palmetto B - Pumpkin C - Nettle D - Pygeum
A - Saw palmetto
What is the active constituent of the following botanical?
Saw Palmetto
Fatty acids and sterols
Which of the following are pharmacological effects of Hawthorne extracts demonstrated in preclinical research in vitro or in animal models? (Choose the most complete answer)
A - Increased amplitude of myocardial contractions
B - Cardioprotective effects during recovery from cardiac ischemia, indicated by reduced release of lactate dehydrogenase
C - Increase in Coronary blood flow
D - Increase in cardiac stroke volume
E - Two of the above
F - All of the above
All of the above
A German product with which herb has shown positive results in the treatment of several types of skin disorders, including decubitus ulcers? A - Comfrey B - Lemon Balm C - Chamomile D - Witch Hazel
C - Chamomile
Which potential adverse reaction to kava has led to a product recall in Europe and a public warning issued by the US FDA?
Liver damage
Choose the correct statement about the use of solvents for preparing botanical extracts:
A - Aqueous extracts are high in polar compounds while alcohol extracts are high in lipophilic constituents
B - Aqueous and alcohol extracts are both high in lipophilic constituents
C - Aqueous and alcohol extracts are both high in polar compounds
D - Aqueous extracts are high in lipophilic constituents while alcohol extracts are high in polar compounds
A - Aqueous extracts are high in polar compounds while alcohol extracts are high in lipophilic constituents
Which of the following, if any, is NOT one of the factors that can affect the content of active constituents of medicinal herbs?
A - Plant genetics
B - Climate
C - Cultivation
D - All of these factors affect the content of the active constituents of medicinal herbs
E - Soil quality
D - All of these factors affect the content of the active constituents of medicinal herbs
What is the typical plant part used in preparations for the following botanical?
Gotu kola
leaf
Which herb is recommended NOT to be used in large amounts during pregnancy, based on research suggesting increased risk of preterm labor? A - Ginger B - Licorice C - Peppermint D - Chamomile
B - Licorice
What is the active constituent(s) for the following herb?
Valerian
sesquiterpenes
What is the common name for:
Symphytum officinale
Comfrey
What plant part is typically used in preparations of the following botanical?
Eucalyptus
Leaf
Is the following pharmacological effect one of gingko biloba’s or one of St John’s Wort?
Inhibits platelet activation factor (PAF)
Ginkgo Biloba
Which of the following herbs has NOT been traditionally used to induce diaphoresis? A - linden B - elder C - meadowsweet D - Ivy
D - ivy
Match the reported side effect with the botanical agent:
Dystonia
Interaction with Parkinson’s drugs
Headache, appetite changes, constipation
Breast growth in young boys
Kava
Lavender (oral use)
Lavender (topical use)
Dystonia – Kava
Interaction with Parkinson’s drugs - Kava
Headache, appetite changes, constipation - Lavender (oral use)
Breast growth in young boys – Lavender (topical use)
Which herb originated in the Ayurvedic herbal tradition?
Ashwagandha
What is the common name for the following botanical:
Petasites hybridus
Butterbur
Prospan is the brand name of the herbal product containing which botanical species? A - Pelargonium sidoides B - Hedera helix C - Primula veris D - Polygala senega
B - Hedera helix or Ivy is in Prospan
What is the specific part used for pain in botanical medicine for the following:
Boswellin
gum resin
What is the specific part used for pain in botanical medicine for the following:
Peppermint
essential oil from the leaf
What health condition has the following botanical shown promising or good evidence as a therapeutic intervention for?
Bromelain
post-operative or post-traumatic swelling, especially of the nose and p…
What is the active constituent of the following botanical?
Ivy
saponins
What is the plant part typically used in preparations for the following botanical?
Horse Chestnut
Seed
Which part of the plant is used in preparations for the following botanical?
Nettle
Root/rhizome - pharmacological uses
But the leaves can also be used in teas, etc.
Only one of the following statements regarding the German Commission E is correct. Which One?
A - The Commission E continues to gather and review monographs today
B - The Commission E was appointed by a government agency to review phytotherapeutic agents for efficacy and safety
C - The Commission E monographs are only available in the German language edition
D - Commission E monographs only review single herbs and preparations made from them
B - The Commission E was appointed by a government agency to review phytotherapeutic agents for efficacy and safety
What is the typical plant part used in preparations for the following botanical?
Cat’s claw
bark
A typical botanical extract can be expected to concentrate active substances from the dried herb by how much in terms of herb-to-extract ratio? A - 2:1 B - 10:1 C - 5:1 D - 3:1
C - 5:1
What is the active constituent of the following botanical?
Ephedra
alkaloids
What is the active constituent of the following botanical?
Rhodiola
Rosavins
Persons allergic to members of the daisy family should be cautious consuming which TWO herbs? A - Feverfew B - Devil's Claw C - Willow Bark D - Butterbur
A - feverfew
D - Butterbur
What part of the plant is used in preparation for the following botanical?
Chamomile
Flowers
Which of the following is NOT a source of "polyphenolic oligomers of flavonoid type?" A - green tea B - Cordyceps C - Grape seed D - Pine bark
B - cordyceps
What is the common name for:
Oenotherae biennis
Evening primrose
Upon which neurotransmitter does valerian appear to exert its pharmacological effects? A - Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) B - Dopamine C - Norepinephrine D - Acetylcholine
A - GABA
What is the common name of the following botanical?
Eleutherococcus senticocus
Siberian ginseng
Which plant parts are used in preparation of botanical medicine for the following herb?
Lemon Balm
Leaf
Patients with sleep disturbances can expect to achieve improvement after only a few days of valerian use. TRUE or FALSE
FALSE - after two or more weeks
Which botanical is used both topically as an extract in tinctures, ointments, and oils, as well as orally in homeopathic dilutions? A - Arnica B - Witch Hazel C - Comfrey D - Chamomile
A - Arnica
St John’s wort may interact significantly with which of the following types of drugs?
A - All of these
B - Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
C - Immunosuppressants
D - Two of these
E - Anticoagulants
F - Protease and reverse transcriptase inhibitors
A - all of them
Goldenseal is most appropriate for antimicrobial treatment of intestinal infections, not systemic infections, due to poor absorption of its active constituents. TRUE or FALSE
TRUE
What is the common name for the following botanical?
Prunus africana
Pygeum
What is the active constituent of the following botanical?
Black cohosh
Triterpene glycosides
What is the active constituent for the following botanical?
Hawthorne
flavonoids or oligomeric procyanidins
What is the active constituent of the following botanical?
Artichoke
Cynarin
What is the active constituent of the following botanical?
Goldenseal
Berberine
Comfrey products should have declared content of what potentially toxic constituent?
A - podophyllin toxin
B - anthranoid compounds
C - unsaturated pyrrolizidine alkaloids
D - clotrimazole
C - unsaturated pyrrolizidine alkaloids
According to the National Institutes of Health article, garlic has been found to interfere with the effectiveness of what type of drug? A - anti-inflammatory B - HIV C - Cholesterol lowering D - anti-depressant
B - garlic can interfere with the effectiveness of HIV drugs
What plant part is typically used in preparations of the following botanical?
Ivy
leaf
Is the following pharmacological effect one of gingko biloba’s or one of St John’s Wort?
Inhibits age-related decline of choline and alpha-adrenergic receptors
Ginkgo Biloba
Which constituent is NOT present in expressed juice of echinacae products?
A - chicoric acid
B - polysaccharides
C - alkamides
A - chicoric acid
What is the common name for the following botanical?
Linum usitatissimum
Flax
Match the proposed active constituent or licensed standardized extract with the botanical: A - Feverfew B - Cayenne C - Willow Bark D - Devil's Claw E - Butterbur
- parthenolide
- Petadolex
- salicin
- capsaicinoids
- iridoid glycosides
A - Feverfew -- parthenolide B - Cayenne -- capsaicinoids C - Willow Bark -- salicin D - Devil's Claw -- iridoid glycosides E - Butterbur - Petadolex
What is the common name for the following botanical?
Humulus lupulus
Hops
The ability of apples, bananas, and carrots to help control diarrhea can be attributed to which common constituent? A - tannins B - muciliages C - hemicelluloses D - pectins
D - pectins
Match the liquid dosage form with the appropriate description:
A - Common preparation using alcohol or alcohol+water to produce extracts of a wide variety of herbs and herb combinations
B - Especially useful for giving botanical medicines to children
C - Alcohol-free preparation that would be expected to contain only lipid-soluble components
D - A solution of a volatile substance in alcohol or alcohol+water
E - Made from fresh plant parts and contain water-soluble components
- Medicinal oils
- Plant juices
- Tinctures
- Syrups
- Medicinal spirits
A - Tinctures B - Syrups C - Medicinal oils D - Medicinal spirits E - Plant juices
The German Commission E determined that ginkgo extracts were indicated for all of the following except:
A - cognitive deficits due to organic brain disease
B - intermittent claudication
C - vertigo or tinnitus, if due to vascular or involutional etiology
D - prevention of stroke
D - prevention of stroke
What is the specific part used for pain in botanical medicine for the following:
Feverfew
leaf
Allergic reactions to milk thistle are more common among people allergic to all of the following except one. Which one? A - marigold B - wheat C - chrysanthemum D - ragweed
B - wheat
On which TWO families of constituents are medicinal ginkgo extracts standardized? A - flavinoid glycosides B - hydroxykynurenic acids C - vanillic acids D - terpene lactones
A - flavinoid glycosides
D - terpene lactones
Which medicinal herb has been studied primarily as aromatherapy?
Lavender
Aqueous and ethanol extracts of valerian root are equivalent in the quality of their actions. TRUE or FALSE
FALSE
What is the specific part used for pain in botanical medicine for the following:
Devil’s claw
tuber
Valerian products with a high content of which constituent should not be used due to potential toxicity?
A - Valerenic acid
B - Acetoxyvalerenic acid
C - Valepotriates
C - Valepotriates
According to human research, garlic can reduce platelet aggregation after a few days of treatment. TRUE or FALSE
FALSE
What is the common name for:
Monascus purpureus
Red yeast
Which of the following is TRUE?
A - Saw palmetto appears to affect reading of prostate-specific antigen levels
B - People taking dopamine-related medications, such as certain antipsychotic drugs and Parkinson’s disease medications should avoid using chasteberry.
C - blue cohosh is an acceptable substitute for black cohosh
B - People taking dopamine-related medications, such as certain antipsychotic drugs and Parkinson’s disease medications should avoid using chasteberry.
Which of the following, if any, is NOT a therapeutic effect of garlic demonstrated in at least some clinical studies?
A - Lowers blood pressure
B - Inhibits progression of atherosclerosis
C - Lowers total blood cholesterol
D - Lowers blood triglycerides
E - all of the above are true
E - All of the above are true
What is the common name for the following botanical?
Camellia sinensis
Black tea
Which part of the following herb is used in botanical medicine?
Comfrey
Leaves and root
According to the German Commission E monograph, all of the following uses for ginseng except one are recommended. Which ONE is NOT recommended in the monograph?
A - For fatigue and debility
B - To improve mood
C - For declining capacity for work and concentration
D - As an aid convalescence
B - improving mood
What is the common name for the following botanical?
Citrus aurantium
Bitter orange
What is the common name for the following botanical?
Serenoa repens
Saw Palmetto
Which adaptogenic herb was specifically found to have beneficial effects when used by students during a long examination period? A - Eleuthero B - Rhodiola C - Asian ginseng D - Astragalus
B - Rhodiola
What is the common name for the following botanical?
Digitalis purpurea
Foxglove
Which part of the plant is used in preparations for the following botanical?
Pumpkin
Seed
What is the typical plant part used in preparations for the following botanical?
Ginseng and Eleuthero
root
What health condition has the following botanical shown promising or good evidence as a therapeutic intervention for?
Aloe Vera
Psoriasis and genital herpes
According to our text, which two additional herbal calmatives have each been tested in combination with valerian in clinical studies?
Lemon Balm (Melissa) and Hops
What is the common name for the following botanical?
Silybum marianum
Milk Thistle
What is the active constituent of the following botanical?
Grape seed
Procyanidins
Research on the pain-relieving efficacy of willow bark proves that virtually all of the effect is due to the salicylate content of the herb. TRUE or FALSE
FALSE
Match the botanical category with its physiological actions: A - Diaphoretic B - Expectorant C - Anti-tussive D - Mucilaginous
Induces perspiration
Form protective coating over pharyngeal mucosa
Reduce irritability and stimulation of cough receptors above and below…
Increase ciliary activity, reduce mucus viscosity, liquefy pulmonary secretions
Diaphoretic – Induces perspiration
Expectorant – Increase ciliary activity, reduce mucus viscosity, liquefy pulmonary secretions
Anti-tussive – Reduce irritability and stimulation of cough receptors above and below…
Mucilaginous – Form protective coating over pharyngeal mucosa
Marked improvement in depressive symptoms can be expected to occur within one to two weeks of therapy with hypericum extracts. TRUE or FALSE
FALSE (can take about a month)
What is the common name for the following botanical?
Cynarum scolymus
Artichoke
What is the common name for the following botanical?
Vaccinium myrtillus
Bilberry
Which part of the plant is used in preparations for the following botanical?
Black Cohosh
Root and/or rhizome
A case of necrotizing hepatitis has been associated with use of which herb? A - Chasteberry B - Saw palmetto C - Black Cohosh D - Pygeum
C - Black Cohosh
What is the plant part typically used in preparations for the following botanical?
Hawthorne
Leaves and Flowers
What is the common name of the following botanical?
Panax quinquefolius
American gingseng
What is the active constituent of the following botanical?
Uva Ursi
Arbutin and hydroquinone
Which component of licorice has mineralocorticoid-like action, and is removed in some formulations to prevent side effects of blood pressure elevation and potassium loss? A - liquiritin B - Paparavine C - Glycyrrhizin D - Absinthin
C - Glycyrrhizin
Which part of this herb is use in creating the botanical medicine?
Allium cepa
Bulb
What is the active constituent of the following botanical?
Meadowsweet
flavonol glycosides
What is the common name for the following botanical?
Taraxacum officinalis
Dandelion
What is the common name for the following botanical?
Paullinia cupana
Guarana
What is the active constituent of the following botanical?
Turmeric
Curcumin
Which herb has potential adverse effects including palpitations, elevated blood pressure, and sleeplessness? A - Ivy B- Mullein C - Ephedra D - Willow
C - Ephedra
What is the active constituent of the following botanical?
Wormwood
Sesquiterpene lactones
What is the plant part typically used in preparations for the following botanical?
Butcher’s Broom
Rhizome
Esculin is a toxin that must be processed out of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, and is one reason why the raw or unprocessed herb should not be used. A - Oleander B - Horse Chestnut C - Butcher's Broom D - Hawthorne
B - Horse Chestnut
Which botanical has been found more effective as the whole dried herb than as an ethanolic extract? A - Boswellin B - Feverfew C - Butterbur D - Willow
B - Feverfew
What is the active constituent of the following botanical?
Eleuthero
Lignan glycosides
Match the garlic preparation with the correct description
A - garlic powder
B - Garlic oil
C - Aged garlic
Steam distillation product subject to enzymatic and thermal breakdown
Used in most clinical trials
Fermentation product subject to degradation of active constituents
Garlic powder = Used in most clinical trials
Garlic oil = Steam distillation product subject to enzymatic and thermal breakdown
Aged garlic = Fermentation product subject to degradation of active constituents
What is the active constituent for the following herb?
Witch hazel
tannins
What is the common name for the following botanical?
Curburbita pepo
Pumpkin
What is the common name for the following botanical:
Boswellia serrata
Frankincense
Standardization of botanical preparations is simply a process of adjusting chemistry to produce the desired content. (TRUE or FALSE)
FALSE
(Standardization is the process of prescribing a set of standards or inherent characteristics, constant parameters, definitive qualitative and quantitative values that carry an assurance of quality, efficacy, safety and reproducibility.)
What is the common name of the following botanical?
Hydrastis canadensis
Goldenseal
What is the active constituent(s) for the following herb?
Hops
humulone and lupulone
As treatment or prevention of nausea and vomiting, the effectiveness of ginger is least convincing when which of the following is the cause? A - morning sickness B - sea sickness C - chemotherapy D - postoperative
D - postoperative
Is the following pharmacological effect one of gingko biloba’s or one of St John’s Wort?
Increases skin response to the effects of UV radiation
Hypericum perforatum
What is the active constituent for the following botanical?
Coffee and black tea
Methylxanthines
Which of the following is the family of active constituents associated with red yeast rice? A - Phospholipids B - Monacolins C - Reserve polysaccharides D - Thiosulfinates
B - Monacolins
Botanicals best known for increased resistance to disease and immune function:
Ginseng, Botanical antioxidants, Echinacea
Which botanical laxative is contraindicated in cases of biliary obstruction and other biliary disorders? A - buckthorn B - Castor oil C - Aloe D - Senna
B - Castor oil
What plant part is typically used in preparations of the following botanical?
Pelargonium
root and/or rhizome
What is the active constituent for the following herb?
Evening Primrose Oil
gamma-linolenic acid (GLA)
What is the common name for:
Ananas comosus
Pineapple (Bromelain)
What is the common name for the following botanical?
Hedera helix
Ivy
What is the active constituent of the following botanical?
Asian ginseng
Glycosidal saponins
What is the active constituent for the following botanical?
Horse Chestnut
aescin
People are more likely to experience allergic reactions to echinacae if they are allergic to which of the following groups of plants?
A - Ragweed, chrysanthemums, marigolds, daisies
B - Mountain cedar, maple, elm
C - Pigweed/tumbleweed, Russian thistle, green molly
D - Ryegrass, timothy, blue, orchard grasses
A - ragweed, chrystanthemums, marigolds, daisies
Which of the following is true about the relationship of alliin, allianase, and allicin?
A - Allicin acts on alliin to produce allianase
B - Allianase acts on allicin to produce alliin
C - Alliin acts on allicin to produce allianase
D - Allianase acts on alliin to produce allicin
D - Allianase acts on alliin to produce allicin
What is the active constituent of the following botanical?
Peppermint
Menthol
Which subspecies of Valerian is recommended for use in Valerian preparations? A - indica B - japonica C - edulis D - officinalis
D - officinalis
Botanicals best known for use with respiratory system dysfunction:
Volatile essential oils (e.g. thyme, eucalyptus), Ivy leaf, Butterbur, Ephedra
Match the botanical term with the mechanism of action associated with it in the treatment of digestive tract dysfunction:
A - Bitter
B - Cholegogue
C - Carminative
Relieve bloating and fullness by facilitating gas expulsion
Stimulate gastric secretion
Promote Bile production and empyting of the gall bladder
Bitter – Stimulate gastric secretion
Cholegogue – Promote Bile production and empyting of the gall bladder
Carminative – Relieve bloating and fullness by facilitating gas expulsion
What health condition has the following botanical shown promising or good evidence as a therapeutic intervention for?
Evening primrose oil
Atopic eczema
Which preparation of Aloe Vera is suitable for topical treatment of skin conditions? A - juice B - gel C - both gel and latex D - latex
B - gel
Tannin-containing herbs can play an important role in the control of which health condition? A - alcoholic liver disease B - hepatitis C - acute diarrhea D - constipation
C - acute diarrhea
Botanicals best known for atherosclerotic risk and cardiovascular disorders:
Garlic, Ginkgo biloba, Red yeast rice, Hawthorn, Horse Chestnut
A combination of peppermint oil and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ has been shown effective for treating functional dyspepsia. A - Caraway B - Anise C - Fennel D - Wormwood
A - Caraway
According to articles on regulatory issues, all of the following except ONE are good arguments in favor of stricter regulation of botanical medicines. Which ONE is NOT a good argument?
A - Lack of standardization among herbal preparations
B - Excessive prices for commercial herbal products
C - Adulteration of some preparations with drugs
D - Interactions between herbs and drugs
E - Lack of routine reporting of adverse events
B - Excessive prices for commercial herbal products
Which of the following is the most accurate list of possible side effects of gingko biloba?
A - anxiety, difficulty urinating, dry mouth, headache, heart damage, high blood pressure, irregular heart rhythms
B - breath and body odor, heartburn, upset stomach, allergic reactions
C - headache, itchy eyes, gastrointestinal issues, asthma, fatigue, and drowsiness
D - headache, nausea, gastrointestinal upset, diarrhea, dizziness, or allergic skin reactions
D - headache, nausea, gastrointestinal upset, diarrhea, dizziness, or allergic skin reactions
Lower cost and fewer adverse effects are two distinct advantages of either gingko biloba or hypericum extracts over pharmaceutical medicines typically prescribed for dementia or depression respectively. TRUE or FALSE
TRUE
According to our text, Saccharomyces boulardii has been effective for controlling or preventing diarrhea resulting from all but ONE of the following causes. which one?
A - antibiotic associated diarrhea
B - nutritionally-related (feeding by gavage)
C - travel related diarrhea
D - infectious diarrhea
D - infectious diarrhea
Is the following pharmacological effect one of gingko biloba’s or one of St John’s Wort?
Increases tolerance of brain tissue to hypoxia
Ginkgo Biloba
A single dose of Hawthorn extract has discernible effects on subjective complaints related to cardiac insufficiency. TRUE or FALSE
FALSE - can take weeks
What is the common name for the following botanical?
Cimicifuga racemosa
Black Cohosh
Match the description with the method of medicinal tea preparation:
A - Pour boiling water over the herb, cover vessel, steep for 5-10 minutes, then strain
B - Cover herb with water, bring to a boil, simmer for 5-10 minutes, then strain
C - Cover herb with room-temperature water, let stand for 6-8 hours, then strain
Decoction
Maceration
Infusion
A -steeping = infusion
B - boiling then simmering = decoction
C - letting stand in room-temp water = maceration
What is the common name for:
Matricaria recutita
German Chamomile
Which medicinal herb has been studied primarily as aromatherapy for circulatory disorders? A - Mate B - Guarana C - Indian Snakeroot D - Rosemary
D - Rosemary
Which botanical medicine may potentiate the effects of anticoagulant and platelet-inhibiting medications? A - arnica B - Bromelain C - Comfrey D - Chamomile
B - Bromelain
Does the following statement describe gingko biloba, St John’s wort, or both?
Clinically-proven preparations are 35-67:1 concentrates
Ginkgo Biloba
What is the active constituent(s) for the following herb?
Kava
pyrones
What is the common name for the following botanical?
Vitex agnus-castus
Chasteberry
What is the common name for the following botanical?
Urtica dioica
Nettle
Which part of the plant is used in preparations for the following botanical?
Saw palmetto
Fruit
What is the common name for:
Melaleuca alternifolia
Tea Tree Oil
How does Hawthorne extract differ pharmacologically from cardiac glycosides such as digitalis?
A - Hawthorne is positively inotropic yet proarrhythmic
B - Hawthorne is negatively inotropic yet proarrhythmic
C - Hawthorne is positively inotropic yet antiarrhythmic
D - Hawthorne is negatively inotropic yet antiarrhythmic
C - Hawthorne is positively inotropic yet antiarrhythmic
What is the common name for:
Allium cepa
Onion
What is the common name for the following botanical:
Tanacetum perthenium
Feverfew
All of the following side effects have been reported for ginseng. According to NCCAM, which group may have been due to another herb or drug in the ginseng product?
A - allergic reactions
B - lower levels of blood sugar in diabetics
C - headaches and sleep and gastrointestinal problems
D - breast tenderness, menstrual irregularities, high blood pressure
D - breast tenderness, menstrual irregularities, high blood pressure
When a study reports only the change in outcome within each group, this is called a ______________ comparison, and is a common error that may fail to detect a ___________.
1 – between groups OR before and after
2 – large placebo effect OR lack of binding
1 = before and after 2 = large placebo effect
What is the specific part used for pain in botanical medicine for the following:
Butterbur
rhizome
Which TWO adverse effects should be monitored in patients taking red yeast rice? A - Excessive bleeding tendency B - Elevated liver enzymes C - Hypotension D - Muscle pain, tenderness, weakness
B - Elevated liver enzymes
D - muscle pain, tenderness, weakness
Does the following statement describe gingko biloba, St John’s wort, or both?
The plant part used in preparations are the LEAF and the FLOWERS
St Johns Wort
Botanicals best known for urinary tract and gynecological dysfunction:
Saw palmetto, Pygeum, Nettle, Chasteberry, Black cohosh
What is the specific part used for pain in botanical medicine for the following:
Willow
bark
Which plant parts are used in preparation of botanical medicine for the following herb?
Kava
rhizome
What is the active constituent for the following herb?
Tea tree oil
(+)-terpinen-4-ol
Which part of this herb is use in creating the botanical medicine?
Gingko biloba
Leaf
Which of the following botanicals contain potentially toxic pyrrolizidines? A - Butterbur B - Plaintain C - Mallow D - Comfrey
Butterbur and Comfrey both are known to contain pyrrolizidines
What is the active constituent of the following botanical?
Eucalyptus
cineol
Using marker compounds to adjust the quality of botanical extracts can always be expected to guarantee consistent therapeutic potency of the product. TRUE or FALSE
FALSE
The traditional use of ginkgo biloba is based on medicinal use in Asia, not Europe. TRUE or FALSE
TRUE
Which of the following measures were affected in human studies of the effects of lavender? (Choose most complete answer).
A - Increased “happiness” based on autonomic nervous system responses
B - Decline in EEG potentials that correlate with vigilance and alertness
C - More relaxed and less depressed self-rated mood
D - Self-rated sedation
E - Two of the above
F - All of the above
F - All of the above
Which TWO laxative herbs are no longer FDA approved for use in over the counter medications due to lack of modern clinical and safety data? A - Senna B - Aloe latex C - Cascara D - Rhubarb
Aloe-latex
Cascara
What is the function of ginseng regarding anti-stress?
Expands the adaptation phase while delaying or preventing the exhaustion phase of the stress response
Which ONE of the following is NOT a difference between US and European countries such as Germany regarding the status of herbal medicines?
A - The US has always led the way worldwide in the development and testing of botanical medicine products
B - Herbal medicines are subjected to more regulation in European countries such as Germany
C - Herbal products are regulated as dietary supplements in the US
D - Herbal medicines have a higher stature in medical education and clinical practice in European countries such as Germany
A - the US has always led the way worldwide in the development and testing of botanical medicine products
Which TWO adverse effects should be monitored in patients taking garlic?
A - Excessive bleeding tendency
B - Hypotension
C - Elevated liver enzymes
D - Muscle pain, tenderness, and weakness
A - exessive bleeding tendency
B - hypotension
Match the substance with their mechanism of action:
A - Saccharomyces boulardii
B - Psyllium Husk
C - Sorbitol
Bulk forming laxative
Osmotic laxative
Antagonize pathogens and stimulate enteric immune system
Saccharomyces boulardii – Antagonize pathogens and stimulate enteric immune system
Psyllium Husk – Bulk forming laxative
Sorbitol – Osmotic laxative
The clinical effects of chasteberry probably depend on modifying the activity of which hormone? A - prolactin B - estrogen C - testosterone D - progesterone
A - prolactin
What is the common name for the following botanical?
Ricinus communis
Castor
Which part of the following herb is used in botanical medicine?
Chamomile
Flower
Which part of this herb is use in creating the botanical medicine?
Allium sativa
Bulb
Which part of the following herb is used in botanical medicine?
Witch Hazel
Leaves, twigs and bark
Match the herb with the digestive condition best proven to respond to its use:
A – Artichoke
B – Peppermint oil
C – Licorice
Peptic Ulcer
Complaints in the upper abdomen aggravated by fat intake
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Artichoke – Complaints in the upper abdomen aggravated by fat intake
Peppermint oil – Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Licorice – peptic ulcer
What is the common name of the following botanical?
Unicaria tomentosa or guianer…
Cat’s claw
What is the common name for:
Hamamelis Virginiana
Witch Hazel
What is the common name for the following botanical?
Piper methysticum
Kava
What is the common name for the following botanical?
Aesculus hippocastanum
Horse chestnut
Which of the following, if any, is NOT an advantage of coated tablets over uncoated tablets?
A - reduces the cost of the product
B - Extends the shelf life
C - Allows for controlled or delayed release of active ingredients
D - Masks any unpleasant tastes of the active ingredients
E - Improves the ease of swallowing
F - All of the above
A - reduces the cost of the product
What is the common name for the following botanical?
Curcuma longa
Turmeric
Capsaicin preparations have been studied in controlled trials for treating all of the following painful conditions except one. Which one has NOT been studied? A - Diabetic polyneuropathy B - Migraine headache C - Postherpetic neuralgia D - Rheumatic disorders
B - migraine headache
Does the following statement describe gingko biloba, St John’s wort, or both?
Extracts contain phytochemicals from the flavonoid family
Both Ginkgo Biloba and St John’s Wort
Match the drug with the herb from which it was originally isolated: A - Digoxin B - Codeine C - Aspirin D - Quinine
1 - Opium poppy
2 - Willow Bark
3 - Foxglove Leaf
4 - Chinchona bark
A Digoxin – 3 Foxglove Leaf
B Codeine – 1 Opium Poppy
C Aspirin – 2 Willow Bark
D Quinine – 4 Chinchona Bark
Which plant parts are used in preparation of botanical medicine for the following herb?
Passion Flower
Aerial parts including fruits
What is the most likely mechanism for the effects of red yeast rice on blood cholesterol?
A - Inhibition of cholesterol synthesis
B - Inhibition of cholesterol uptake from the gut
C - Acceleration of cholesterol metabolism
D - Direct inhibition of VLDL formation
A - Inhibition of cholesterol synthesis
What health condition has the following botanical shown promising or good evidence as a therapeutic intervention for?
Witch hazel
Hemorrhoidal disease
Which part of this herb is use in creating the botanical medicine?
Avena sativa
Seed coat (bran)
Wheat bran having coarse particles will be less effective for shortening intestinal transit time than wheat bran having smaller particles. TRUE or FALSE
FALSE
What is the common name for the following botanical?
Iberis amara
Wild Candytuft
Which of the following is an FDA-approved non-prescribing drug? A - Rhubarb B - Senna C - Cascara D - Buckthorn
B - Senna
What is the common name for the following botanical?
Petasides hybridus
Butterbur
When should enteric-coated tablets or capsules be taken? A - Immediately following a meal B - Immediately before a meal C - At least one hour before a meal D - during a meal
C - At least one hour before a meal
What is the common name for the following botanical:
Harpagophytum procumbens
Devil’s Claw
Which plant parts are used in preparation of botanical medicine for the following herb?
Hops
Strobiles (female flowers)
What is the common name for:
Allium sativa
Garlic
The placebo effect probably accounts for at least 50% of the beneficial effects of St John’s wort on depression. TRUE or FALSE
TRUE
Which botanical has been shown effective against some types of pain when used topically?
A - Feverfew
B - Capsaicin
C - Devil’s claw
B - capsaicin
Botanicals best known for central nervous system dysfunction:
Ginkgo biloba, St. John’s wort, Kava, Valerian, Hops, Lavender
What constituent of ginkgo must be removed because it has been shown to incite allergic responses and other toxic reactions? A - bilobalides B - kaempferol glycosides C - ginkgolic acids D - ginkgolides
C - ginkgolic acids
What is the common name for:
Cyamopsis tetragonolobus
Indian guar
What is the common name for the following botanical?
Plantago species
Psyllium
What is the active constituent of the following botanical?
Pygeum
Phytosterols, pentacyclic terpenes, and ferulic acid esters
What part of the milk thistle plant is the typical source from which silymarin is extracted? A - leaf B - above ground parts C - root D - seed
D - seed
Which part of the following herb is used in botanical medicine?
Arnica
Flower
Which TWO botanicals owe their circulatory effects to the presence of caffeine and related substances? A - Mate B - Indian Snakeroot C - Rosemary D - Guarana
Mate and Guarana
Botanical products labeled in the US are allowed to describe the purpose of the product according to which one of the following rules?
A - Can describe a therapeutic effect on a disease if supported by a reasonable amount of scientific evidence
B - Can describe an effect on the structure or function of the body regardless of whether there is support from a reasonable amount of scientific evidence
C - Can describe an effect on the structure or function of the body if supported by a reasonable amount of scientific evidence
D - Can describe a therapeutic effect on a disease state regardless of whether there is support from a reasonable amount of scientific evidence
C - Can describe an effect on the structure or function of the body if supported by a reasonable amount of scientific evidence
Which of the following has NOT been used as a mucilaginous herb? A - Marshmallow B - Plantain C - Mullein D - Ivy
Ivy
According to our text, what is the likely reason that western ginseng trials have not produced results as promising as Asian tradition and research has suggested?
Western trials used dosages that were too low
What is the common name of the following botanical?
Withnia somnifera
Ashwagandha
Which herb has been extensively studied in humans as a treatment for cancer? A - European mistletoe B - Asian ginseng C - Astragalus D - Echinacea
A - European mistletoe
What is the most likely mechanism for the effects of guar gum on blood cholesterol?
A - direct inhibition of VLDL formation
B - Acceleration of cholesterol catabolism
C - Inhibition of cholesterol synthesis
D - Inhibition of cholesterol uptake from the gut
D - Inhibition of cholesterol uptake from the gut
Only St John’s wort extracts with moderate to high hyperforin content have been found to be effective in clinical trials. TRUE or FALSE
FALSE
What is the active constituent for the following botanical?
Indian Snakeroot
reserpine
Which part of the plant is used in preparations for the following botanical?
Pygeum
Bark
What type of Cat's claw preparation was shown to be effective for osteoarthritis? A - Water-based extract B - Essential oil C - Dried powdered herb D - Alcohol based extract
A - water based extract
Clinical studies of Asian ginseng before 1990, while not always meeting current standards of research methodology, suggested most of the following effects in humans. Which ONE of the following was NOT suggested by early clinical studies? A - Improved resistance to infection B - Improved intellectual performance C - Improved mood D - Improved physical performance
A - improved resistance to infection
Interrupting which herb after taking it for a long time may result in difficulty sleeping, headaches, joint pain, nervousness, and stiff muscles? A - Butterbur B - Feverfew C - Devil's Claw D - Boswellin
B - Feverfew
What is the common name for the following botanical?
Melissa officinalis
Lemon Balm
What is the common name for the following botanical?
Glycyrrhiza glabra
Licorice
At least one human study has demonstrated that valerian extract had no adverse effects on the reaction time, alertness, or concentration. TRUE or FALSE
TRUE
Which botanical has been shown clinically effective specifically against tension headache? A - peppermint B - Butterbur C - Willow Bark D - Feverfew
A - peppermint
Which plant parts are used in preparation of botanical medicine for the following herb?
Lavender
Flowers only
What part of the plant is used in preparation for the following botanical?
Artichoke
Leaves only
Which herb is recommended for bacterial inflammatory diseases of the urinary tract? A - Saw palmetto B - Nettle C - Pygeum D - Uva ursi
D - uva ursi
What is the common name of the following botanical?
Gotu kola
Centella asiatica
Senna may be contraindicated in people taking either diuretics, horsetail, licorice, due to concerns about altered blood levels of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A - potassium B - sodium C - calcium D - glucose E - cholesterol
A - potassium
Which part of the following herb is used in botanical medicine?
Evening primrose
Seed oil
Which part of the plant is used in preparations for the following botanical?
Chasteberry
Fruit
According to our text, which outcomes have been demonstrated in human studies of horse chestnut extract? (Choose the most complete answer)
A - All of these
B - Significantly reduced leg volume in patients with chronic venous insufficiency
C - Significantly reduced foot and ankle edema after a long distance airplane flight
D - Equivalence between horse chestnut extract and compression stocking therapy for reducing edema in patients with chronic venous insufficiency
E - Significantly reduced symptomatic complaints in patients with chronic venous insufficiency
F - Two of these
A - All of these
What is the active constituent(s) for the following herb?
Lavender
linalyl acetate cineol
In the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders, peppermint oil given in delayed-release formulations has more clinical evidence than conventional formulations and may be less likely to cause side effects of nausea, heartburn, and abdominal discomfort. TRUE or FALSE
TRUE
What is the common name for the following botanical?
Crataegus monogyna
Hawthorne
For which botanical extract is it important to have a guarantee that it is free of pyrrolizidine alkaloids? A - Boswellin B - Butterbur C - Willow D - Feverfew
B - Butterbur
Match the substance with their mechanism of action (may use action more than once):
A - Senna pods and leaves
B - Buckthorn bark
C - Aloe latex
Anthranoid stimulation of intestinal mucosa
Osmotic laxative
Bulk forming laxative
Senna pods and leaves – Anthranoid stimulation of intestinal mucosa
Buckthorn bark – Anthranoid stimulation of intestinal mucosa
Aloe latex – Anthranoid stimulation of intestinal mucosa
According to our text, why may liquid echinacea preparations be more effective than solid forms that are swallowed?
Liquid preparations may act locally on lymphoid tissues in the oropharynx
What is the common name for the following botanical?
Althaea officinalis
Marshmallow
The authors of our text present data showing that the placebo effect does NOT account for much of the therapeutic effect of treating disorders such as widespread pain, insomnia, gastric symptoms, and depression. TRUE or FALSE
FALSE
Which two botanicals have been shown to increase walking distance in subjects with peripheral arterial disease? A - Red yeast rice B - Allium sativa C - Ginkgo biloba D - Allium cepa
B - Allium sativa
C - Ginkgo biloba
Which type of botanical remedy for constipation is most likely to produce adverse effects of loose stools and colicky abdominal pain.
A - osmotic agents
B - Anthranoid-containing herbs
C - bulk-forming agents
B - Anthranoid containing herbs
Which part of the following herb is used in botanical medicine?
Calendula
Flower
What is the common name for the following botanical?
Sambucus nigra
Elder
Which plant parts are used in preparation of botanical medicine for the following herb?
Valerian
root
What health condition has the following botanical shown promising or good evidence as a therapeutic intervention for?
Tea tree oil
Cutaneous fungal infections
An anti-inflammatory product called Phlogenzym (Wobenzym PS) contains several ingredients, one of which is: A - Borage oil B - Evening Primrose Oil C - Arnica D - Bromelain
D - Bromelain
Does the following statement describe gingko biloba, St John’s wort, or both?
The plant part used in preparations is the LEAF
Gingko biloba
What is the most likely mechanism for the effects of garlic on blood cholesterol?
A - Acceleration of cholesterol catabolism
B - Inhibition of cholesterol synthesis
C - Direct inhibition of VLDL formation
D - Inhibition of cholesterol uptake from the gut
B - Inhibition of cholesterol synthesis
What plant part is typically used in preparations of the following botanical?
Linden, Elder, meadowsweet
Flower
