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560P Botanical Quiz questions > 560P Botanical Exams > Flashcards

560P Botanical Exams Flashcards

1
Q

Is the following pharmacological effect one of gingko biloba’s or one of St John’s Wort?

Upregulates 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors

A

Hypericum perforatum

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2
Q

What is the active constituent of the following botanical?

European mistletoe

A

Lectins

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3
Q 
Which alcoholic beverage uses wormwood as an ingredient?
A - Amaretto
B - Absinthe
C - Brandy
D - Kahlua
A

B - Absinthe

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4
Q

Botanicals best known for skin disorders:

A

Aloe vera, Comfrey, Tea tree oil, Witch Hazel, Calendula

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5
Q

What is the typical plant part used in preparations for the following botanical?

Ashwagandha, Rhodiola, and Astragalus

A

root

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6
Q 
For which TWO painful conditions have Devils Claw preparations been studied in controlled trials?
A - Migraine headache
B - Tension headache
C - Diabetic neuropathy
D - Osteoarthritis
E - Chronic Back Pain
A

D - Osteoarthritis

E - Chronic Back Pain

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7
Q

Is the following pharmacological effect one of gingko biloba’s or one of St John’s Wort?

Inhibits synaptic reuptake of neurotransmitters

A

Hypericum perforatum

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8
Q 
Which botanical agent may increase the potency of certain antibiotics?
A - Arnica
B - Bromelain
C - Witch Hazel
D - Evening Primrose oil
A

B - Bromelain

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9
Q

What part of the plant is used in preparation for the following botanical?

Ginger

A

Rhizome only

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10
Q

What is the plant part typically used in preparations for the following botanical?

Rosemary

A

Leaves

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11
Q 
Large amounts of a dangerous toxin are found in which gingko preparation?
A - commercial standardized extracts
B - roasted seeds
C - root
D - bark
A

B - roasted seed

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12
Q

What is the active constituent for the following herb?

Chamomile

A

apigenin

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13
Q

What part of the plant is used in preparation for the following botanical?

Caraway

A

Fruit (Seed)

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14
Q 
A combination of Hawthorne extract and what essential oil was found effective for raising blood pressure in subjects with orthostatic hypotension?
A - Camphor oil
B - Lavender oil
C - Peppermint oil
D - Rosemary oil
A

Camphor oil

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15
Q 
Which herb has been best demonstrated for effectiveness against benign prostatic hypertrophy, based on the largest number of total subjects enrolled in randomized controlled trials, and comparisons with both placebo and established medical therapies?
A - Saw palmetto
B - Pumpkin
C - Nettle
D - Pygeum
A

A - Saw palmetto

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16
Q

What is the active constituent of the following botanical?

Saw Palmetto

A

Fatty acids and sterols

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17
Q

Which of the following are pharmacological effects of Hawthorne extracts demonstrated in preclinical research in vitro or in animal models? (Choose the most complete answer)
A - Increased amplitude of myocardial contractions
B - Cardioprotective effects during recovery from cardiac ischemia, indicated by reduced release of lactate dehydrogenase
C - Increase in Coronary blood flow
D - Increase in cardiac stroke volume
E - Two of the above
F - All of the above

A

All of the above

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18
Q 
A German product with which herb has shown positive results in the treatment of several types of skin disorders, including decubitus ulcers?
A - Comfrey
B - Lemon Balm
C - Chamomile
D - Witch Hazel
A

C - Chamomile

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19
Q

Which potential adverse reaction to kava has led to a product recall in Europe and a public warning issued by the US FDA?

A

Liver damage

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20
Q

Choose the correct statement about the use of solvents for preparing botanical extracts:
A - Aqueous extracts are high in polar compounds while alcohol extracts are high in lipophilic constituents
B - Aqueous and alcohol extracts are both high in lipophilic constituents
C - Aqueous and alcohol extracts are both high in polar compounds
D - Aqueous extracts are high in lipophilic constituents while alcohol extracts are high in polar compounds

A

A - Aqueous extracts are high in polar compounds while alcohol extracts are high in lipophilic constituents

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21
Q

Which of the following, if any, is NOT one of the factors that can affect the content of active constituents of medicinal herbs?
A - Plant genetics
B - Climate
C - Cultivation
D - All of these factors affect the content of the active constituents of medicinal herbs
E - Soil quality

A

D - All of these factors affect the content of the active constituents of medicinal herbs

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22
Q

What is the typical plant part used in preparations for the following botanical?

Gotu kola

A

leaf

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23
Q 
Which herb is recommended NOT to be used in large amounts during pregnancy, based on research suggesting increased risk of preterm labor?
A - Ginger
B - Licorice
C - Peppermint
D - Chamomile
A

B - Licorice

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24
Q

What is the active constituent(s) for the following herb?

Valerian

A

sesquiterpenes

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25
Q

What is the common name for:

Symphytum officinale

A

Comfrey

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26
Q

What plant part is typically used in preparations of the following botanical?

Eucalyptus

A

Leaf

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27
Q

Is the following pharmacological effect one of gingko biloba’s or one of St John’s Wort?

Inhibits platelet activation factor (PAF)

A

Ginkgo Biloba

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28
Q 
Which of the following herbs has NOT been traditionally used to induce diaphoresis?
A - linden
B - elder
C - meadowsweet
D - Ivy
A

D - ivy

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29
Q

Match the reported side effect with the botanical agent:

Dystonia
Interaction with Parkinson’s drugs
Headache, appetite changes, constipation
Breast growth in young boys

Kava
Lavender (oral use)
Lavender (topical use)

A

Dystonia – Kava
Interaction with Parkinson’s drugs - Kava
Headache, appetite changes, constipation - Lavender (oral use)
Breast growth in young boys – Lavender (topical use)

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30
Q

Which herb originated in the Ayurvedic herbal tradition?

A

Ashwagandha

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31
Q

What is the common name for the following botanical:

Petasites hybridus

A

Butterbur

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32
Q 
Prospan is the brand name of the herbal product containing which botanical species?
A - Pelargonium sidoides
B - Hedera helix
C - Primula veris
D - Polygala senega
A

B - Hedera helix or Ivy is in Prospan

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33
Q

What is the specific part used for pain in botanical medicine for the following:

Boswellin

A

gum resin

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34
Q

What is the specific part used for pain in botanical medicine for the following:

Peppermint

A

essential oil from the leaf

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35
Q

What health condition has the following botanical shown promising or good evidence as a therapeutic intervention for?

Bromelain

A

post-operative or post-traumatic swelling, especially of the nose and p…

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36
Q

What is the active constituent of the following botanical?

Ivy

A

saponins

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37
Q

What is the plant part typically used in preparations for the following botanical?

Horse Chestnut

A

Seed

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38
Q

Which part of the plant is used in preparations for the following botanical?

Nettle

A

Root/rhizome - pharmacological uses

But the leaves can also be used in teas, etc.

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39
Q

Only one of the following statements regarding the German Commission E is correct. Which One?
A - The Commission E continues to gather and review monographs today
B - The Commission E was appointed by a government agency to review phytotherapeutic agents for efficacy and safety
C - The Commission E monographs are only available in the German language edition
D - Commission E monographs only review single herbs and preparations made from them

A

B - The Commission E was appointed by a government agency to review phytotherapeutic agents for efficacy and safety

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40
Q

What is the typical plant part used in preparations for the following botanical?

Cat’s claw

A

bark

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41
Q 
A typical botanical extract can be expected to concentrate active substances from the dried herb by how much in terms of herb-to-extract ratio?
A - 2:1
B - 10:1
C - 5:1
D - 3:1
A

C - 5:1

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42
Q

What is the active constituent of the following botanical?

Ephedra

A

alkaloids

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43
Q

What is the active constituent of the following botanical?

Rhodiola

A

Rosavins

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44
Q 
Persons allergic to members of the daisy family should be cautious consuming which TWO herbs?
A - Feverfew
B - Devil's Claw
C - Willow Bark
D - Butterbur
A

A - feverfew

D - Butterbur

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45
Q

What part of the plant is used in preparation for the following botanical?

Chamomile

A

Flowers

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46
Q 
Which of the following is NOT a source of "polyphenolic oligomers of flavonoid type?"
A - green tea
B - Cordyceps
C - Grape seed
D - Pine bark
A

B - cordyceps

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47
Q

What is the common name for:

Oenotherae biennis

A

Evening primrose

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48
Q 
Upon which neurotransmitter does valerian appear to exert its pharmacological effects?
A - Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
B - Dopamine
C - Norepinephrine
D - Acetylcholine
A

A - GABA

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49
Q

What is the common name of the following botanical?

Eleutherococcus senticocus

A

Siberian ginseng

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50
Q

Which plant parts are used in preparation of botanical medicine for the following herb?

Lemon Balm

A

Leaf

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51
Q

Patients with sleep disturbances can expect to achieve improvement after only a few days of valerian use. TRUE or FALSE

A

FALSE - after two or more weeks

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52
Q 
Which botanical is used both topically as an extract in tinctures, ointments, and oils, as well as orally in homeopathic dilutions?
A - Arnica
B - Witch Hazel
C - Comfrey
D - Chamomile
A

A - Arnica

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53
Q

St John’s wort may interact significantly with which of the following types of drugs?
A - All of these
B - Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
C - Immunosuppressants
D - Two of these
E - Anticoagulants
F - Protease and reverse transcriptase inhibitors

A

A - all of them

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54
Q

Goldenseal is most appropriate for antimicrobial treatment of intestinal infections, not systemic infections, due to poor absorption of its active constituents. TRUE or FALSE

A

TRUE

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55
Q

What is the common name for the following botanical?

Prunus africana

A

Pygeum

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56
Q

What is the active constituent of the following botanical?

Black cohosh

A

Triterpene glycosides

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57
Q

What is the active constituent for the following botanical?

Hawthorne

A

flavonoids or oligomeric procyanidins

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58
Q

What is the active constituent of the following botanical?

Artichoke

A

Cynarin

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59
Q

What is the active constituent of the following botanical?

Goldenseal

A

Berberine

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60
Q

Comfrey products should have declared content of what potentially toxic constituent?

A - podophyllin toxin
B - anthranoid compounds
C - unsaturated pyrrolizidine alkaloids
D - clotrimazole

A

C - unsaturated pyrrolizidine alkaloids

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61
Q 
According to the National Institutes of Health article, garlic has been found to interfere with the effectiveness of what type of drug?
A - anti-inflammatory
B - HIV
C - Cholesterol lowering
D - anti-depressant
A

B - garlic can interfere with the effectiveness of HIV drugs

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62
Q

What plant part is typically used in preparations of the following botanical?

Ivy

A

leaf

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63
Q

Is the following pharmacological effect one of gingko biloba’s or one of St John’s Wort?

Inhibits age-related decline of choline and alpha-adrenergic receptors

A

Ginkgo Biloba

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64
Q

Which constituent is NOT present in expressed juice of echinacae products?
A - chicoric acid
B - polysaccharides
C - alkamides

A

A - chicoric acid

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65
Q

What is the common name for the following botanical?

Linum usitatissimum

A

Flax

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66
Q 
Match the proposed active constituent or licensed standardized extract with the botanical:
A - Feverfew
B - Cayenne
C - Willow Bark
D - Devil's Claw
E - Butterbur
  • parthenolide
  • Petadolex
  • salicin
  • capsaicinoids
  • iridoid glycosides
A 
A - Feverfew -- parthenolide
B - Cayenne -- capsaicinoids
C - Willow Bark -- salicin
D - Devil's Claw -- iridoid glycosides
E - Butterbur - Petadolex
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67
Q

What is the common name for the following botanical?

Humulus lupulus

A

Hops

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68
Q 
The ability of apples, bananas, and carrots to help control diarrhea can be attributed to which common constituent?
A - tannins
B - muciliages
C - hemicelluloses
D - pectins
A

D - pectins

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69
Q

Match the liquid dosage form with the appropriate description:
A - Common preparation using alcohol or alcohol+water to produce extracts of a wide variety of herbs and herb combinations
B - Especially useful for giving botanical medicines to children
C - Alcohol-free preparation that would be expected to contain only lipid-soluble components
D - A solution of a volatile substance in alcohol or alcohol+water
E - Made from fresh plant parts and contain water-soluble components

  • Medicinal oils
  • Plant juices
  • Tinctures
  • Syrups
  • Medicinal spirits
A 
A - Tinctures
B - Syrups
C - Medicinal oils
D - Medicinal spirits
E - Plant juices
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70
Q

The German Commission E determined that ginkgo extracts were indicated for all of the following except:
A - cognitive deficits due to organic brain disease
B - intermittent claudication
C - vertigo or tinnitus, if due to vascular or involutional etiology
D - prevention of stroke

A

D - prevention of stroke

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71
Q

What is the specific part used for pain in botanical medicine for the following:

Feverfew

A

leaf

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72
Q 
Allergic reactions to milk thistle are more common among people allergic to all of the following except one. Which one?
A - marigold
B - wheat
C - chrysanthemum
D - ragweed
A

B - wheat

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73
Q 
On which TWO families of constituents are medicinal ginkgo extracts standardized? 
A - flavinoid glycosides
B - hydroxykynurenic acids
C - vanillic acids
D - terpene lactones
A

A - flavinoid glycosides

D - terpene lactones

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74
Q

Which medicinal herb has been studied primarily as aromatherapy?

A

Lavender

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75
Q

Aqueous and ethanol extracts of valerian root are equivalent in the quality of their actions. TRUE or FALSE

A

FALSE

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76
Q

What is the specific part used for pain in botanical medicine for the following:

Devil’s claw

A

tuber

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77
Q

Valerian products with a high content of which constituent should not be used due to potential toxicity?
A - Valerenic acid
B - Acetoxyvalerenic acid
C - Valepotriates

A

C - Valepotriates

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78
Q

According to human research, garlic can reduce platelet aggregation after a few days of treatment. TRUE or FALSE

A

FALSE

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79
Q

What is the common name for:

Monascus purpureus

A

Red yeast

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80
Q

Which of the following is TRUE?
A - Saw palmetto appears to affect reading of prostate-specific antigen levels
B - People taking dopamine-related medications, such as certain antipsychotic drugs and Parkinson’s disease medications should avoid using chasteberry.
C - blue cohosh is an acceptable substitute for black cohosh

A

B - People taking dopamine-related medications, such as certain antipsychotic drugs and Parkinson’s disease medications should avoid using chasteberry.

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81
Q

Which of the following, if any, is NOT a therapeutic effect of garlic demonstrated in at least some clinical studies?
A - Lowers blood pressure
B - Inhibits progression of atherosclerosis
C - Lowers total blood cholesterol
D - Lowers blood triglycerides
E - all of the above are true

A

E - All of the above are true

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82
Q

What is the common name for the following botanical?

Camellia sinensis

A

Black tea

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83
Q

Which part of the following herb is used in botanical medicine?

Comfrey

A

Leaves and root

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84
Q

According to the German Commission E monograph, all of the following uses for ginseng except one are recommended. Which ONE is NOT recommended in the monograph?
A - For fatigue and debility
B - To improve mood
C - For declining capacity for work and concentration
D - As an aid convalescence

A

B - improving mood

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85
Q

What is the common name for the following botanical?

Citrus aurantium

A

Bitter orange

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86
Q

What is the common name for the following botanical?

Serenoa repens

A

Saw Palmetto

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87
Q 
Which adaptogenic herb was specifically found to have beneficial effects when used by students during a long examination period?
A - Eleuthero
B - Rhodiola
C - Asian ginseng
D - Astragalus
A

B - Rhodiola

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88
Q

What is the common name for the following botanical?

Digitalis purpurea

A

Foxglove

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89
Q

Which part of the plant is used in preparations for the following botanical?

Pumpkin

A

Seed

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90
Q

What is the typical plant part used in preparations for the following botanical?

Ginseng and Eleuthero

A

root

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91
Q

What health condition has the following botanical shown promising or good evidence as a therapeutic intervention for?

Aloe Vera

A

Psoriasis and genital herpes

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92
Q

According to our text, which two additional herbal calmatives have each been tested in combination with valerian in clinical studies?

A

Lemon Balm (Melissa) and Hops

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93
Q

What is the common name for the following botanical?

Silybum marianum

A

Milk Thistle

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94
Q

What is the active constituent of the following botanical?

Grape seed

A

Procyanidins

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95
Q

Research on the pain-relieving efficacy of willow bark proves that virtually all of the effect is due to the salicylate content of the herb. TRUE or FALSE

A

FALSE

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96
Q 
Match the botanical category with its physiological actions:
A - Diaphoretic
B - Expectorant
C - Anti-tussive
D - Mucilaginous

Induces perspiration
Form protective coating over pharyngeal mucosa
Reduce irritability and stimulation of cough receptors above and below…
Increase ciliary activity, reduce mucus viscosity, liquefy pulmonary secretions

A

Diaphoretic – Induces perspiration
Expectorant – Increase ciliary activity, reduce mucus viscosity, liquefy pulmonary secretions
Anti-tussive – Reduce irritability and stimulation of cough receptors above and below…
Mucilaginous – Form protective coating over pharyngeal mucosa

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97
Q

Marked improvement in depressive symptoms can be expected to occur within one to two weeks of therapy with hypericum extracts. TRUE or FALSE

A

FALSE (can take about a month)

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98
Q

What is the common name for the following botanical?

Cynarum scolymus

A

Artichoke

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99
Q

What is the common name for the following botanical?

Vaccinium myrtillus

A

Bilberry

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100
Q

Which part of the plant is used in preparations for the following botanical?

Black Cohosh

A

Root and/or rhizome

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101
Q 
A case of necrotizing hepatitis has been associated with use of which herb?
A - Chasteberry
B - Saw palmetto
C - Black Cohosh
D - Pygeum
A

C - Black Cohosh

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102
Q

What is the plant part typically used in preparations for the following botanical?

Hawthorne

A

Leaves and Flowers

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103
Q

What is the common name of the following botanical?

Panax quinquefolius

A

American gingseng

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104
Q

What is the active constituent of the following botanical?

Uva Ursi

A

Arbutin and hydroquinone

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105
Q 
Which component of licorice has mineralocorticoid-like action, and is removed in some formulations to prevent side effects of blood pressure elevation and potassium loss?
A - liquiritin
B - Paparavine
C - Glycyrrhizin
D - Absinthin
A

C - Glycyrrhizin

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106
Q

Which part of this herb is use in creating the botanical medicine?

Allium cepa

A

Bulb

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107
Q

What is the active constituent of the following botanical?

Meadowsweet

A

flavonol glycosides

108
Q

What is the common name for the following botanical?

Taraxacum officinalis

A

Dandelion

109
Q

What is the common name for the following botanical?

Paullinia cupana

A

Guarana

110
Q

What is the active constituent of the following botanical?

Turmeric

A

Curcumin

111
Q 
Which herb has potential adverse effects including palpitations, elevated blood pressure, and sleeplessness?
A - Ivy
B- Mullein
C - Ephedra
D - Willow
A

C - Ephedra

112
Q

What is the active constituent of the following botanical?

Wormwood

A

Sesquiterpene lactones

113
Q

What is the plant part typically used in preparations for the following botanical?

Butcher’s Broom

A

Rhizome

114
Q 
Esculin is a toxin that must be processed out of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, and is one reason why the raw or unprocessed herb should not be used.
A - Oleander
B - Horse Chestnut
C - Butcher's Broom
D - Hawthorne
A

B - Horse Chestnut

115
Q 
Which botanical has been found more effective as the whole dried herb than as an ethanolic extract?
A - Boswellin
B - Feverfew
C - Butterbur
D - Willow
A

B - Feverfew

116
Q

What is the active constituent of the following botanical?

Eleuthero

A

Lignan glycosides

117
Q

Match the garlic preparation with the correct description

A - garlic powder
B - Garlic oil
C - Aged garlic

Steam distillation product subject to enzymatic and thermal breakdown
Used in most clinical trials
Fermentation product subject to degradation of active constituents

A

Garlic powder = Used in most clinical trials

Garlic oil = Steam distillation product subject to enzymatic and thermal breakdown

Aged garlic = Fermentation product subject to degradation of active constituents

118
Q

What is the active constituent for the following herb?

Witch hazel

A

tannins

119
Q

What is the common name for the following botanical?

Curburbita pepo

A

Pumpkin

120
Q

What is the common name for the following botanical:

Boswellia serrata

A

Frankincense

121
Q

Standardization of botanical preparations is simply a process of adjusting chemistry to produce the desired content. (TRUE or FALSE)

A

FALSE
(Standardization is the process of prescribing a set of standards or inherent characteristics, constant parameters, definitive qualitative and quantitative values that carry an assurance of quality, efficacy, safety and reproducibility.)

122
Q

What is the common name of the following botanical?

Hydrastis canadensis

A

Goldenseal

123
Q

What is the active constituent(s) for the following herb?

Hops

A

humulone and lupulone

124
Q 
As treatment or prevention of nausea and vomiting, the effectiveness of ginger is least convincing when which of the following is the cause?
A - morning sickness
B - sea sickness
C - chemotherapy
D - postoperative
A

D - postoperative

125
Q

Is the following pharmacological effect one of gingko biloba’s or one of St John’s Wort?

Increases skin response to the effects of UV radiation

A

Hypericum perforatum

126
Q

What is the active constituent for the following botanical?

Coffee and black tea

A

Methylxanthines

127
Q 
Which of the following is the family of active constituents associated with red yeast rice?
A - Phospholipids
B - Monacolins
C - Reserve polysaccharides
D - Thiosulfinates
A

B - Monacolins

128
Q

Botanicals best known for increased resistance to disease and immune function:

A

Ginseng, Botanical antioxidants, Echinacea

129
Q 
Which botanical laxative is contraindicated in cases of biliary obstruction and other biliary disorders?
A - buckthorn
B - Castor oil
C - Aloe
D - Senna
A

B - Castor oil

130
Q

What plant part is typically used in preparations of the following botanical?

Pelargonium

A

root and/or rhizome

131
Q

What is the active constituent for the following herb?

Evening Primrose Oil

A

gamma-linolenic acid (GLA)

132
Q

What is the common name for:

Ananas comosus

A

Pineapple (Bromelain)

133
Q

What is the common name for the following botanical?

Hedera helix

A

Ivy

134
Q

What is the active constituent of the following botanical?

Asian ginseng

A

Glycosidal saponins

135
Q

What is the active constituent for the following botanical?

Horse Chestnut

A

aescin

136
Q

People are more likely to experience allergic reactions to echinacae if they are allergic to which of the following groups of plants?
A - Ragweed, chrysanthemums, marigolds, daisies
B - Mountain cedar, maple, elm
C - Pigweed/tumbleweed, Russian thistle, green molly
D - Ryegrass, timothy, blue, orchard grasses

A

A - ragweed, chrystanthemums, marigolds, daisies

137
Q

Which of the following is true about the relationship of alliin, allianase, and allicin?
A - Allicin acts on alliin to produce allianase
B - Allianase acts on allicin to produce alliin
C - Alliin acts on allicin to produce allianase
D - Allianase acts on alliin to produce allicin

A

D - Allianase acts on alliin to produce allicin

138
Q

What is the active constituent of the following botanical?

Peppermint

A

Menthol

139
Q 
Which subspecies of Valerian is recommended for use in Valerian preparations?
A - indica
B - japonica
C - edulis
D - officinalis
A

D - officinalis

140
Q

Botanicals best known for use with respiratory system dysfunction:

A

Volatile essential oils (e.g. thyme, eucalyptus), Ivy leaf, Butterbur, Ephedra

141
Q

Match the botanical term with the mechanism of action associated with it in the treatment of digestive tract dysfunction:
A - Bitter
B - Cholegogue
C - Carminative

Relieve bloating and fullness by facilitating gas expulsion
Stimulate gastric secretion
Promote Bile production and empyting of the gall bladder

A

Bitter – Stimulate gastric secretion
Cholegogue – Promote Bile production and empyting of the gall bladder
Carminative – Relieve bloating and fullness by facilitating gas expulsion

142
Q

What health condition has the following botanical shown promising or good evidence as a therapeutic intervention for?

Evening primrose oil

A

Atopic eczema

143
Q 
Which preparation of Aloe Vera is suitable for topical treatment of skin conditions?
A - juice
B - gel
C - both gel and latex
D - latex
A

B - gel

144
Q 
Tannin-containing herbs can play an important role in the control of which health condition?
A - alcoholic liver disease
B - hepatitis
C - acute diarrhea
D - constipation
A

C - acute diarrhea

145
Q

Botanicals best known for atherosclerotic risk and cardiovascular disorders:

A

Garlic, Ginkgo biloba, Red yeast rice, Hawthorn, Horse Chestnut

146
Q 
A combination of peppermint oil and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ has been shown effective for treating functional dyspepsia.
A - Caraway
B - Anise
C - Fennel
D - Wormwood
A

A - Caraway

147
Q

According to articles on regulatory issues, all of the following except ONE are good arguments in favor of stricter regulation of botanical medicines. Which ONE is NOT a good argument?
A - Lack of standardization among herbal preparations
B - Excessive prices for commercial herbal products
C - Adulteration of some preparations with drugs
D - Interactions between herbs and drugs
E - Lack of routine reporting of adverse events

A

B - Excessive prices for commercial herbal products

148
Q

Which of the following is the most accurate list of possible side effects of gingko biloba?
A - anxiety, difficulty urinating, dry mouth, headache, heart damage, high blood pressure, irregular heart rhythms
B - breath and body odor, heartburn, upset stomach, allergic reactions
C - headache, itchy eyes, gastrointestinal issues, asthma, fatigue, and drowsiness
D - headache, nausea, gastrointestinal upset, diarrhea, dizziness, or allergic skin reactions

A

D - headache, nausea, gastrointestinal upset, diarrhea, dizziness, or allergic skin reactions

149
Q

Lower cost and fewer adverse effects are two distinct advantages of either gingko biloba or hypericum extracts over pharmaceutical medicines typically prescribed for dementia or depression respectively. TRUE or FALSE

A

TRUE

150
Q

According to our text, Saccharomyces boulardii has been effective for controlling or preventing diarrhea resulting from all but ONE of the following causes. which one?
A - antibiotic associated diarrhea
B - nutritionally-related (feeding by gavage)
C - travel related diarrhea
D - infectious diarrhea

A

D - infectious diarrhea

151
Q

Is the following pharmacological effect one of gingko biloba’s or one of St John’s Wort?

Increases tolerance of brain tissue to hypoxia

A

Ginkgo Biloba

152
Q

A single dose of Hawthorn extract has discernible effects on subjective complaints related to cardiac insufficiency. TRUE or FALSE

A

FALSE - can take weeks

153
Q

What is the common name for the following botanical?

Cimicifuga racemosa

A

Black Cohosh

154
Q

Match the description with the method of medicinal tea preparation:
A - Pour boiling water over the herb, cover vessel, steep for 5-10 minutes, then strain
B - Cover herb with water, bring to a boil, simmer for 5-10 minutes, then strain
C - Cover herb with room-temperature water, let stand for 6-8 hours, then strain

Decoction
Maceration
Infusion

A

A -steeping = infusion
B - boiling then simmering = decoction
C - letting stand in room-temp water = maceration

155
Q

What is the common name for:

Matricaria recutita

A

German Chamomile

156
Q 
Which medicinal herb has been studied primarily as aromatherapy for circulatory disorders?
A - Mate
B - Guarana
C - Indian Snakeroot
D - Rosemary
A

D - Rosemary

157
Q 
Which botanical medicine may potentiate the effects of anticoagulant and platelet-inhibiting medications?
A - arnica
B - Bromelain
C - Comfrey
D - Chamomile
A

B - Bromelain

158
Q

Does the following statement describe gingko biloba, St John’s wort, or both?

Clinically-proven preparations are 35-67:1 concentrates

A

Ginkgo Biloba

159
Q

What is the active constituent(s) for the following herb?

Kava

A

pyrones

160
Q

What is the common name for the following botanical?

Vitex agnus-castus

A

Chasteberry

161
Q

What is the common name for the following botanical?

Urtica dioica

A

Nettle

162
Q

Which part of the plant is used in preparations for the following botanical?

Saw palmetto

A

Fruit

163
Q

What is the common name for:

Melaleuca alternifolia

A

Tea Tree Oil

164
Q

How does Hawthorne extract differ pharmacologically from cardiac glycosides such as digitalis?
A - Hawthorne is positively inotropic yet proarrhythmic
B - Hawthorne is negatively inotropic yet proarrhythmic
C - Hawthorne is positively inotropic yet antiarrhythmic
D - Hawthorne is negatively inotropic yet antiarrhythmic

A

C - Hawthorne is positively inotropic yet antiarrhythmic

165
Q

What is the common name for:

Allium cepa

A

Onion

166
Q

What is the common name for the following botanical:

Tanacetum perthenium

A

Feverfew

167
Q

All of the following side effects have been reported for ginseng. According to NCCAM, which group may have been due to another herb or drug in the ginseng product?
A - allergic reactions
B - lower levels of blood sugar in diabetics
C - headaches and sleep and gastrointestinal problems
D - breast tenderness, menstrual irregularities, high blood pressure

A

D - breast tenderness, menstrual irregularities, high blood pressure

168
Q

When a study reports only the change in outcome within each group, this is called a ______________ comparison, and is a common error that may fail to detect a ___________.

1 – between groups OR before and after
2 – large placebo effect OR lack of binding

A 
1 = before and after
2 = large placebo effect
169
Q

What is the specific part used for pain in botanical medicine for the following:

Butterbur

A

rhizome

170
Q 
Which TWO adverse effects should be monitored in patients taking red yeast rice?
A - Excessive bleeding tendency
B - Elevated liver enzymes
C - Hypotension
D - Muscle pain, tenderness, weakness
A

B - Elevated liver enzymes

D - muscle pain, tenderness, weakness

171
Q

Does the following statement describe gingko biloba, St John’s wort, or both?

The plant part used in preparations are the LEAF and the FLOWERS

A

St Johns Wort

172
Q

Botanicals best known for urinary tract and gynecological dysfunction:

A

Saw palmetto, Pygeum, Nettle, Chasteberry, Black cohosh

173
Q

What is the specific part used for pain in botanical medicine for the following:

Willow

A

bark

174
Q

Which plant parts are used in preparation of botanical medicine for the following herb?

Kava

A

rhizome

175
Q

What is the active constituent for the following herb?

Tea tree oil

A

(+)-terpinen-4-ol

176
Q

Which part of this herb is use in creating the botanical medicine?

Gingko biloba

A

Leaf

177
Q 
Which of the following botanicals contain potentially toxic pyrrolizidines?
A - Butterbur
B - Plaintain
C - Mallow
D - Comfrey
A

Butterbur and Comfrey both are known to contain pyrrolizidines

178
Q

What is the active constituent of the following botanical?

Eucalyptus

A

cineol

179
Q

Using marker compounds to adjust the quality of botanical extracts can always be expected to guarantee consistent therapeutic potency of the product. TRUE or FALSE

A

FALSE

180
Q

The traditional use of ginkgo biloba is based on medicinal use in Asia, not Europe. TRUE or FALSE

A

TRUE

181
Q

Which of the following measures were affected in human studies of the effects of lavender? (Choose most complete answer).
A - Increased “happiness” based on autonomic nervous system responses
B - Decline in EEG potentials that correlate with vigilance and alertness
C - More relaxed and less depressed self-rated mood
D - Self-rated sedation
E - Two of the above
F - All of the above

A

F - All of the above

182
Q 
Which TWO laxative herbs are no longer FDA approved for use in over the counter medications due to lack of modern clinical and safety data?
A - Senna
B - Aloe latex
C - Cascara
D - Rhubarb
A

Aloe-latex

Cascara

183
Q

What is the function of ginseng regarding anti-stress?

A

Expands the adaptation phase while delaying or preventing the exhaustion phase of the stress response

184
Q

Which ONE of the following is NOT a difference between US and European countries such as Germany regarding the status of herbal medicines?
A - The US has always led the way worldwide in the development and testing of botanical medicine products
B - Herbal medicines are subjected to more regulation in European countries such as Germany
C - Herbal products are regulated as dietary supplements in the US
D - Herbal medicines have a higher stature in medical education and clinical practice in European countries such as Germany

A

A - the US has always led the way worldwide in the development and testing of botanical medicine products

185
Q

Which TWO adverse effects should be monitored in patients taking garlic?
A - Excessive bleeding tendency
B - Hypotension
C - Elevated liver enzymes
D - Muscle pain, tenderness, and weakness

A

A - exessive bleeding tendency

B - hypotension

186
Q

Match the substance with their mechanism of action:
A - Saccharomyces boulardii
B - Psyllium Husk
C - Sorbitol

Bulk forming laxative
Osmotic laxative
Antagonize pathogens and stimulate enteric immune system

A

Saccharomyces boulardii – Antagonize pathogens and stimulate enteric immune system
Psyllium Husk – Bulk forming laxative
Sorbitol – Osmotic laxative

187
Q 
The clinical effects of chasteberry probably depend on modifying the activity of which hormone?
A - prolactin
B - estrogen
C - testosterone
D - progesterone
A

A - prolactin

188
Q

What is the common name for the following botanical?

Ricinus communis

A

Castor

189
Q

Which part of the following herb is used in botanical medicine?

Chamomile

A

Flower

190
Q

Which part of this herb is use in creating the botanical medicine?

Allium sativa

A

Bulb

191
Q

Which part of the following herb is used in botanical medicine?

Witch Hazel

A

Leaves, twigs and bark

192
Q

Match the herb with the digestive condition best proven to respond to its use:
A – Artichoke
B – Peppermint oil
C – Licorice

Peptic Ulcer
Complaints in the upper abdomen aggravated by fat intake
Irritable Bowel Syndrome

A

Artichoke – Complaints in the upper abdomen aggravated by fat intake
Peppermint oil – Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Licorice – peptic ulcer

193
Q

What is the common name of the following botanical?

Unicaria tomentosa or guianer…

A

Cat’s claw

194
Q

What is the common name for:

Hamamelis Virginiana

A

Witch Hazel

195
Q

What is the common name for the following botanical?

Piper methysticum

A

Kava

196
Q

What is the common name for the following botanical?

Aesculus hippocastanum

A

Horse chestnut

197
Q

Which of the following, if any, is NOT an advantage of coated tablets over uncoated tablets?
A - reduces the cost of the product
B - Extends the shelf life
C - Allows for controlled or delayed release of active ingredients
D - Masks any unpleasant tastes of the active ingredients
E - Improves the ease of swallowing
F - All of the above

A

A - reduces the cost of the product

198
Q

What is the common name for the following botanical?

Curcuma longa

A

Turmeric

199
Q 
Capsaicin preparations have been studied in controlled trials for treating all of the following painful conditions except one. Which one has NOT been studied?
A - Diabetic polyneuropathy
B - Migraine headache
C - Postherpetic neuralgia
D - Rheumatic disorders
A

B - migraine headache

200
Q

Does the following statement describe gingko biloba, St John’s wort, or both?

Extracts contain phytochemicals from the flavonoid family

A

Both Ginkgo Biloba and St John’s Wort

201
Q 
Match the drug with the herb from which it was originally isolated:
A - Digoxin
B - Codeine
C - Aspirin
D - Quinine

1 - Opium poppy
2 - Willow Bark
3 - Foxglove Leaf
4 - Chinchona bark

A

A Digoxin – 3 Foxglove Leaf
B Codeine – 1 Opium Poppy
C Aspirin – 2 Willow Bark
D Quinine – 4 Chinchona Bark

202
Q

Which plant parts are used in preparation of botanical medicine for the following herb?

Passion Flower

A

Aerial parts including fruits

203
Q

What is the most likely mechanism for the effects of red yeast rice on blood cholesterol?
A - Inhibition of cholesterol synthesis
B - Inhibition of cholesterol uptake from the gut
C - Acceleration of cholesterol metabolism
D - Direct inhibition of VLDL formation

A

A - Inhibition of cholesterol synthesis

204
Q

What health condition has the following botanical shown promising or good evidence as a therapeutic intervention for?

Witch hazel

A

Hemorrhoidal disease

205
Q

Which part of this herb is use in creating the botanical medicine?

Avena sativa

A

Seed coat (bran)

206
Q

Wheat bran having coarse particles will be less effective for shortening intestinal transit time than wheat bran having smaller particles. TRUE or FALSE

A

FALSE

207
Q

What is the common name for the following botanical?

Iberis amara

A

Wild Candytuft

208
Q 
Which of the following is an FDA-approved non-prescribing drug?
A - Rhubarb
B - Senna
C - Cascara
D - Buckthorn
A

B - Senna

209
Q

What is the common name for the following botanical?

Petasides hybridus

A

Butterbur

210
Q 
When should enteric-coated tablets or capsules be taken?
A - Immediately following a meal
B - Immediately before a meal
C - At least one hour before a meal
D - during a meal
A

C - At least one hour before a meal

211
Q

What is the common name for the following botanical:

Harpagophytum procumbens

A

Devil’s Claw

212
Q

Which plant parts are used in preparation of botanical medicine for the following herb?

Hops

A

Strobiles (female flowers)

213
Q

What is the common name for:

Allium sativa

A

Garlic

214
Q

The placebo effect probably accounts for at least 50% of the beneficial effects of St John’s wort on depression. TRUE or FALSE

A

TRUE

215
Q

Which botanical has been shown effective against some types of pain when used topically?
A - Feverfew
B - Capsaicin
C - Devil’s claw

A

B - capsaicin

216
Q

Botanicals best known for central nervous system dysfunction:

A

Ginkgo biloba, St. John’s wort, Kava, Valerian, Hops, Lavender

217
Q 
What constituent of ginkgo must be removed because it has been shown to incite allergic responses and other toxic reactions?
A - bilobalides
B - kaempferol glycosides
C - ginkgolic acids
D - ginkgolides
A

C - ginkgolic acids

218
Q

What is the common name for:

Cyamopsis tetragonolobus

A

Indian guar

219
Q

What is the common name for the following botanical?

Plantago species

A

Psyllium

220
Q

What is the active constituent of the following botanical?

Pygeum

A

Phytosterols, pentacyclic terpenes, and ferulic acid esters

221
Q 
What part of the milk thistle plant is the typical source from which silymarin is extracted?
A - leaf
B - above ground parts
C - root
D - seed
A

D - seed

222
Q

Which part of the following herb is used in botanical medicine?

Arnica

A

Flower

223
Q 
Which TWO botanicals owe their circulatory effects to the presence of caffeine and related substances?
A - Mate
B - Indian Snakeroot
C - Rosemary
D - Guarana
A

Mate and Guarana

224
Q

Botanical products labeled in the US are allowed to describe the purpose of the product according to which one of the following rules?
A - Can describe a therapeutic effect on a disease if supported by a reasonable amount of scientific evidence
B - Can describe an effect on the structure or function of the body regardless of whether there is support from a reasonable amount of scientific evidence
C - Can describe an effect on the structure or function of the body if supported by a reasonable amount of scientific evidence
D - Can describe a therapeutic effect on a disease state regardless of whether there is support from a reasonable amount of scientific evidence

A

C - Can describe an effect on the structure or function of the body if supported by a reasonable amount of scientific evidence

225
Q 
Which of the following has NOT been used as a mucilaginous herb?
A - Marshmallow
B - Plantain
C - Mullein
D - Ivy
A

Ivy

226
Q

According to our text, what is the likely reason that western ginseng trials have not produced results as promising as Asian tradition and research has suggested?

A

Western trials used dosages that were too low

227
Q

What is the common name of the following botanical?

Withnia somnifera

A

Ashwagandha

228
Q 
Which herb has been extensively studied in humans as a treatment for cancer?
A - European mistletoe
B - Asian ginseng
C - Astragalus
D - Echinacea
A

A - European mistletoe

229
Q

What is the most likely mechanism for the effects of guar gum on blood cholesterol?
A - direct inhibition of VLDL formation
B - Acceleration of cholesterol catabolism
C - Inhibition of cholesterol synthesis
D - Inhibition of cholesterol uptake from the gut

A

D - Inhibition of cholesterol uptake from the gut

230
Q

Only St John’s wort extracts with moderate to high hyperforin content have been found to be effective in clinical trials. TRUE or FALSE

A

FALSE

231
Q

What is the active constituent for the following botanical?

Indian Snakeroot

A

reserpine

232
Q

Which part of the plant is used in preparations for the following botanical?

Pygeum

A

Bark

233
Q 
What type of Cat's claw preparation was shown to be effective for osteoarthritis?
A - Water-based extract
B - Essential oil
C - Dried powdered herb
D - Alcohol based extract
A

A - water based extract

234
Q 
Clinical studies of Asian ginseng before 1990, while not always meeting current standards of research methodology, suggested most of the following effects in humans. Which ONE of the following was NOT suggested by early clinical studies?
A - Improved resistance to infection
B - Improved intellectual performance
C - Improved mood
D - Improved physical performance
A

A - improved resistance to infection

235
Q 
Interrupting which herb after taking it for a long time may result in difficulty sleeping, headaches, joint pain, nervousness, and stiff muscles?
A - Butterbur
B - Feverfew
C - Devil's Claw
D - Boswellin
A

B - Feverfew

236
Q

What is the common name for the following botanical?

Melissa officinalis

A

Lemon Balm

237
Q

What is the common name for the following botanical?

Glycyrrhiza glabra

A

Licorice

238
Q

At least one human study has demonstrated that valerian extract had no adverse effects on the reaction time, alertness, or concentration. TRUE or FALSE

A

TRUE

239
Q 
Which botanical has been shown clinically effective specifically against tension headache?
A - peppermint
B - Butterbur
C - Willow Bark
D - Feverfew
A

A - peppermint

240
Q

Which plant parts are used in preparation of botanical medicine for the following herb?

Lavender

A

Flowers only

241
Q

What part of the plant is used in preparation for the following botanical?

Artichoke

A

Leaves only

242
Q 
Which herb is recommended for bacterial inflammatory diseases of the urinary tract?
A - Saw palmetto
B - Nettle
C - Pygeum
D - Uva ursi
A

D - uva ursi

243
Q

What is the common name of the following botanical?

Gotu kola

A

Centella asiatica

244
Q 
Senna may be contraindicated in people taking either diuretics, horsetail, licorice, due to concerns about altered blood levels of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A - potassium
B - sodium
C - calcium
D - glucose
E - cholesterol
A

A - potassium

245
Q

Which part of the following herb is used in botanical medicine?

Evening primrose

A

Seed oil

246
Q

Which part of the plant is used in preparations for the following botanical?

Chasteberry

A

Fruit

247
Q

According to our text, which outcomes have been demonstrated in human studies of horse chestnut extract? (Choose the most complete answer)
A - All of these
B - Significantly reduced leg volume in patients with chronic venous insufficiency
C - Significantly reduced foot and ankle edema after a long distance airplane flight
D - Equivalence between horse chestnut extract and compression stocking therapy for reducing edema in patients with chronic venous insufficiency
E - Significantly reduced symptomatic complaints in patients with chronic venous insufficiency
F - Two of these

A

A - All of these

248
Q

What is the active constituent(s) for the following herb?

Lavender

A

linalyl acetate cineol

249
Q

In the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders, peppermint oil given in delayed-release formulations has more clinical evidence than conventional formulations and may be less likely to cause side effects of nausea, heartburn, and abdominal discomfort. TRUE or FALSE

A

TRUE

250
Q

What is the common name for the following botanical?

Crataegus monogyna

A

Hawthorne

251
Q 
For which botanical extract is it important to have a guarantee that it is free of pyrrolizidine alkaloids?
A - Boswellin
B - Butterbur
C - Willow
D - Feverfew
A

B - Butterbur

252
Q

Match the substance with their mechanism of action (may use action more than once):
A - Senna pods and leaves
B - Buckthorn bark
C - Aloe latex
Anthranoid stimulation of intestinal mucosa
Osmotic laxative
Bulk forming laxative

A

Senna pods and leaves – Anthranoid stimulation of intestinal mucosa
Buckthorn bark – Anthranoid stimulation of intestinal mucosa
Aloe latex – Anthranoid stimulation of intestinal mucosa

253
Q

According to our text, why may liquid echinacea preparations be more effective than solid forms that are swallowed?

A

Liquid preparations may act locally on lymphoid tissues in the oropharynx

254
Q

What is the common name for the following botanical?

Althaea officinalis

A

Marshmallow

255
Q

The authors of our text present data showing that the placebo effect does NOT account for much of the therapeutic effect of treating disorders such as widespread pain, insomnia, gastric symptoms, and depression. TRUE or FALSE

A

FALSE

256
Q 
Which two botanicals have been shown to increase walking distance in subjects with peripheral arterial disease?
A - Red yeast rice
B - Allium sativa
C - Ginkgo biloba
D - Allium cepa
A

B - Allium sativa

C - Ginkgo biloba

257
Q

Which type of botanical remedy for constipation is most likely to produce adverse effects of loose stools and colicky abdominal pain.
A - osmotic agents
B - Anthranoid-containing herbs
C - bulk-forming agents

A

B - Anthranoid containing herbs

258
Q

Which part of the following herb is used in botanical medicine?

Calendula

A

Flower

259
Q

What is the common name for the following botanical?

Sambucus nigra

A

Elder

260
Q

Which plant parts are used in preparation of botanical medicine for the following herb?

Valerian

A

root

261
Q

What health condition has the following botanical shown promising or good evidence as a therapeutic intervention for?

Tea tree oil

A

Cutaneous fungal infections

262
Q 
An anti-inflammatory product called Phlogenzym (Wobenzym PS) contains several ingredients, one of which is:
A - Borage oil
B - Evening Primrose Oil
C - Arnica
D - Bromelain
A

D - Bromelain

263
Q

Does the following statement describe gingko biloba, St John’s wort, or both?

The plant part used in preparations is the LEAF

A

Gingko biloba

264
Q

What is the most likely mechanism for the effects of garlic on blood cholesterol?
A - Acceleration of cholesterol catabolism
B - Inhibition of cholesterol synthesis
C - Direct inhibition of VLDL formation
D - Inhibition of cholesterol uptake from the gut

A

B - Inhibition of cholesterol synthesis

265
Q

What plant part is typically used in preparations of the following botanical?

Linden, Elder, meadowsweet

A

Flower

560P Botanical Quiz questions (1 decks)

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