560B

Question 1

3 domains of life and their purpose

Answer 1

Archaea, Bacteria and Eukaryotes

Archaea and bacteria are prokaryotic with no nucleus

Eukaryotes has a defined nucleus and intracellular organelles

Question 2

Why is cellular compartmentalization important?

Answer 2

Separating the cell into different parts allows for the creation of specific microenvironments within a cell. That way, each organelle can have all the advantages it needs to perform to the best of its ability.

Question 3

What is the necleus?

Answer 3

Location of RNA synthesis, DNA synthesis

and repair

Question 4

What is the function of the mitochondria?

Answer 4

powerhouse of the cell 
Involved in: cellular respiration
• Oxidationofpyruvate,aminoacidsand
fatty acids
• Ureaandhemesynthesis
• Importantmetabolicpathwaysoccurin
mitochondrial inner membrane
(* we will return to these when we learn about oxidative phosphorylation and the electron transport chain)
• Role in aging
• Involved in apoptosis (celldeath) 
•Have their own DNA(mtDNA)

Question 5

Endoplasmic reticulum(ER) is involved in

Answer 5

Consists of membranes with smooth and rough components
• Involved in:
• Formation of lysosomes and peroxisomes
• Membrane synthesis
• Protein and lipid synthesis for organelles and for export
• Steroid synthesis
• Protein folding
• Detoxification reactions • Ca2+ signaling

Question 6

Golgi apparatus deals with

Answer 6

• Movement of lipids within cell
• Layered membrane stacks and vesicles
• Modification and sorting of proteins
• Export of proteins

Question 7

Hydrogen bonding is

Answer 7

when the H of one molecule is attracted to the lone pair of electrons on another molecule

Question 8

Anions is classified as_______ because these ions facilitate an________ through water

Answer 8

electrolyte, electrical current

Question 9

Sugars and alcohols are classified as_______ because they do not_________

Answer 9

non electrolyte, carry a charge

Question 10

Describe how structure of water makes it a good solvent for life

Answer 10

Water molecules have a polar arrangement of the oxygen and hydrogen atoms—one side (hydrogen) has a positive electrical charge and the other side (oxygen) had a negative charge. This allows the water molecule to become attracted to many other different types of molecules. Water can become so heavily attracted to a different molecule, like salt (NaCl), that it can disrupt the attractive forces that hold the sodium and chloride in the salt molecule together and, thus, dissolve it.

Question 11

High specific heat can absorb a lot of heat without________

Answer 11

increasing in temperature

Question 12

Water is a _____ structure which means its a _____ molecule

Answer 12

bent, polar

Question 13

Which is the strongest molecular force to least?

Answer 13

1. Ion-dipole (Ionic interactions)
2. Hydrogen bonding
3. Dipole-Dipole forces (WEAK) •
4. Van der Waal’s (aka London Dispersion) forces (WEAKEST)

Question 14

What is Bronstead-Lowry definition of acid and bases?

Answer 14

Acids donate protons(H+),bases accept protons

Question 15

What is Lewis definitions of acid and bases?

Answer 15

• Acids accept electron pairs, bases donate electron pairs

Question 16

Difference between strong and weak acids?

Answer 16

Strong acids dissociate completely vs Weak acids dissociate partially

Question 17

What is the relationship between Ka and acid?

Answer 17

Ka is the acid dissociation constant and measures how easily an acid gives up a H+

Question 18

The pH scale measures_______

Answer 18

acidity related to proton concentration

Question 19

pH calculations

Answer 19

-log [H+]

Question 20

What is a buffer and some examples?

Answer 20

solutions of a weak acid and a salt of the acid’s conjugate base

Examples: acetic acid (CH3COOH) and sodium acetate (CH3COONa or (CH3COO-)

Question 21

What is the The Henderson-Hasselbalch (H-H) Equation

Answer 21

pH= pKa + log [conjugate base/ acid]