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Biology Modules 1, 4, 5 > 5.5 Photosynthesis > Flashcards

5.5 Photosynthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the biological processes in plants?

A

Photosynthesis, active transport, DNA replication, cell division, protein synthesis

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2
Q

What are the biological processes in animals?

A

Muscle contraction, homeostasis, active transport, DNA replication, cell division, protein synthesis

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3
Q

What do microorganisms need energy for?

A

DNA replication, cell division, protein synthesis, sometimes movement

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4
Q

What’s the equation for photosynthesis?

A

6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy => C6H12O6 (Glucose) + 6O2

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5
Q

Describe photosynthesis briefly:

A

The process where energy is converted from light into glucose using H2O and CO2.

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6
Q

What’s the equation for respiration?

A

C6H12O6 (Glucose) + 6O2 => 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy

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7
Q

What is aerobic respiration?

A

Respiration using oxygen

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8
Q

What is anaerobic respiration?

A

Respiration without oxygen

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9
Q

What is a metabolic pathway?

A

Series of small, enzyme controlled reactions

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10
Q

What is phosphorylation?

A

Adding phosphate to a molecule

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11
Q

Example of metabolic pathway:

A

Respiration or photosynthesis

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12
Q

Example of phosphorylation:

A

ADP phosphorylated to ATP

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13
Q

What is photo-phosphorylation?

A

Adding phosphate to a molecule using light

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14
Q

What is photolysis?

A

Using light to split a molecule

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15
Q

What is hydrolysis?

A

Using water to split a molecule

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16
Q

What is decarboxylation?

A

Removal of carbon dioxide from a molecule

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17
Q

What is dehydrogenation?

A

Removal of hydrogen from a molecule

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18
Q

What’s a redox reaction?

A

Reactions involving oxidation and reduction

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19
Q

OIL RIG:

A

Oxidation Is Loss (of electrons or hydrogen, or gain of oxygen).
Reduction Is Gain (of electrons or hydrogen, or loss of oxygen).

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20
Q

What’s a co-enzyme?

A

Molecule that aids function of enzyme

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21
Q

How do co-enzymes usually work?

A

Transfers a chemical group from one molecule to another

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22
Q

Which co-enzyme is used in photosynthesis?

A

NADP

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23
Q

How does NADP work?

A

Transfers hydrogen from one molecule to another (reduces or oxidises)

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24
Q

Which co-enzymes are used in respiration?

A

NAD, co-enzyme A (CoA), FAD

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25
Q

How do NAD and FAD work?

A

Transfer hydrogen from one molecule to another (reduce or oxidise)

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26
Q

How does co-enzyme A work?

A

Transfers acetate between molecules

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27
Q

What are chloroplasts?

A

Small, flattened organelles in plant cells. The location for photosynthesis

28
Q

What’s the chloroplast envelope?

A

Double membrane on chloroplasts

29
Q

What are thylakoids?

A

Fluid-filled stacks in the chloroplast

30
Q

What are grana?

A

Stacked up thylakoids, linked together by bits of thylakoid membrane (called lamellae)

31
Q

Examples of photosynthetic pigments:

A

Chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotene

32
Q

What are photosynthetic pigments?

A

Coloured substances that absorb light energy for photosynthesis

33
Q

Where are photosynthetic pigments found?

A

In thylakoid membranes, attached to proteins

34
Q

What’s a photo-system made from?

A

A protein, a primary photosynthetic pigment, and an accessory photosynthetic pigment

35
Q

What are primary photosynthetic pigments?

A

Reaction centre. Electrons are excited here during light-dependant reaction

36
Q

What are accessory photosynthetic pigments?

A

Light-harvesting systems. Surround reaction centres, transfer light energy to them

37
Q

At which wavelength does Photosystem 1 best absorb light?

A

700nm

38
Q

At which wavelength does Photosystem 2 best absorb light?

A

680nm

39
Q

What does stroma contain?

A

Enzymes, sugars, organic acids, circular DNA of chloroplasts

40
Q

Where is the stroma located?

A

Within the inner membrane of the chloroplast, surrounding the thylakoids

41
Q

How are carbohydrates produced from photosynthesis stored?

A

Starch grains in the stroma

42
Q

Light-dependant reaction location:

A

Thylakoid membranes of chloroplast

43
Q

Light-dependent reaction description:

A

Light energy absorbed by photosynthetic pigments, converted to chemical energy. Energy used to add Pi to ADP, making ATP, and to reduce NADP. ATP transfers energy to light-independent reaction, and reduced NADP transfers hydrogen. During, H2O oxidised to O2.

44
Q

Light-independent reaction location:

A

Stroma of chloroplasts

45
Q

Other name for light-independent reaction:

A

Calvin Cycle

46
Q

Light-independent reaction description:

A

ATP and reduced NADP from light-dependent reaction supply energy and hydrogen to make glucose from CO2

47
Q

Thin Layer Chromatography use:

A

Separates photosynthetic pigments

48
Q

Thin Layer Chromatography description:

A

Grind leaves with anhydrous sodium sulphate and propanone. Transfer liquid to test tube. Add petroleum ether, gently shake. 2 layers form, move some of top layer to test tube with anhydrous sodium sulphate. Draw line on bottom of chromatography plate, add concentrated spot of liquid. Put plate in solvent, leave until solvent nearly reaches top.

49
Q

Rf value equation:

A

(Distance travelled by spot) / (Distance travelled by solvent)

50
Q

What is the light energy absorbed in the light-dependent reaction used for?

A

Phosphorylation: ADP + Pi (inorganic phosphate) => ATP NADP => reduced NADP
Photolysis: H2O => protons (H+ ions) + electrons (e-) + O2

51
Q

What are electron carriers?

A

Proteins that transfer electrons

52
Q

What are electron transport chains?

A

Formed from photosystems and electron carriers. Chain of proteins excited electrons flow through.

53
Q

What does non-cyclic photophosphorylation produce?

A

ATP, reduced NADP, O2

54
Q

Stages of non-cyclic photophosphorylation:

A

Light energy excites electrons in chlorophyll.
Photolysis of water produces protons (H+), electrons (e-), O2.
Energy from excited electrons makes ATP and generates reduced NADP.

55
Q

In non-cyclic photophosphorylation, which photosystem comes first?

A

PSII

56
Q

Long description of non-cyclic photophosphorylation:

A

Light energy absorbed by PSII, excites electrons in chlorophyll.
Electrons more along electron transport chain to PSI, losing energy as they do so.
Energy transports protons into thylakoid via membrane proteins (proton pumps), forming proton gradient across membrane.
Protons move into stroma via ATP synthase, energy produced combines ADP and Pi into ATP.
Light energy absorbed by PSI, excites electrons again. Transferred to NADP with proton from stroma, forms reduced NADP.

57
Q

Photolysis of water in non-cyclic photophosphorylation description:

A

Excited electrons leave PSII, move along electron transport chain; need to be replaced.
Light energy splits water into protons (H+ ions), electrons (e-) and O2.
H2O => 2H+ + (1/2)O2

58
Q

What does cyclic photophosphorylation produce?

A

ATP

59
Q

Cyclic photophosphorylation description:

A

Light energy in PSI excites electrons. Electrons move into electron acceptor molecule, then electron transport chain, then PSI again. ADP and Pi turn into ATP in electron transport chain.

60
Q

Calvin cycle location:

A

Stroma of chloroplasts

61
Q

Brief Calvin cycle description:

A

Carbon from CO2 ‘fixed’ into a triose phosphate using ribulose bisphosphate. Triose phosphate can be used to make glucose and other useful organic substances.

62
Q

Stages of Calvin cycle:

A

Carbon dioxide combined with ribulose bisphosphate to form 2 molecules of glycerate 3-phosphate.
ATP and reduced NADP are required for the reduction of GP to triose phosphate.
Ribulose bisphosphate is regenerated.

63
Q

TP and GP in Calvin cycle, and organic substances they make:

A

2 TP converted to carbohydrates.
TP and fatty acids (from GP) converted to lipids.
GP converted to amino acids.

64
Q

How many times does the Calvin cycle need to turn to make one hexose sugar?

A

6 times

65
Q

How does the Calvin cycle make a hexose sugar?

A

3 turns of cycle makes 6 TP molecules (2 TP for every CO2). 5/6 are used to regenerate ribulose bisphosphate.
Turning 6 times leaves 2 TP left, with 6 carbons. Makes hexose.

66
Q

What does the Calvin cycle need to produce one hexose sugar?

A

18 ATP and 12 reduced NADP from the light-dependent reaction.

67
Q

Calvin cycle description:

A

CO2 diffuses into stroma through stomata. Combines with RuBP (5C) (catalysed by ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase) to make 6C compound, then breaks down to 2 GP.
ATP turns GP into TP, using protons from reduced NADP. TP then converted to useful compounds, E.G. glucose.
5/6 TP used to regenerate RuBP, uses the rest of the ATP from light-independent reaction.

Biology Modules 1, 4, 5 (10 decks)

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