5.3.4 Flashcards
Explain the difference between primary and secondary impacts
Primary impacts are the immediate effects of the hazard such as injuries and deaths, and damage to property and infrastructure
Secondary impacts are the longer-term effects of the hazard such as economic losses, social and psychological consequences
Outline examples of social primary and secondary impacts of volcanic hazards
Primary: Deaths and injuries
Displacement of people
Damage to properties and infrastructure causing disruption to people’s lives
secondary: Mental health issues e.g. stress, anxiety, depression
Homelessness
Disruption to services such as healthcare and education
Loss of cultural heritage sites
Outline economic primary and secondary impacts of volcanic hazards
Primary: Destruction of property and infrastructure leading to significant costs for repair and reconstruction
Disruption of trade and economic activity
Loss of income and employment
Costs of immediate responses e.g. food aid, temporary shelter, medical treatment
Secondary: Slower economic growth and development
Increased economic inequality as impacts are more severe for most vulnerable people
Increased costs of insurance and hazard management strategies
Explain environmental primary and secondary impacts
Primary: Poor air and water quality
Loss of biodiversity
Destruction of habitats and ecosystems
Secondary: Acid rain can damage ecosystems
Release of greenhouse gases can lead to a rise in global temperatures
Ash clouds can lead to a fall in global temperatures due to solar energy being reflected back into space
Explain political primary and secondary impacts of volcanic hazards:
Primary: Pressure on governments to co-ordinate emergency response
Social unrest and political instability
Secondary: Conflicts over government response and food shortage
Changes in government policy and regulations to reduce future risk
Outline the difference between long- and short-term responses to volcanic hazards
Long-term responses to volcanic hazards are measures taken to reduce the impacts of future eruptions
Short-term responses usually happen immediately before, during or after a volcanic eruption
Outline long0term responses to volcanic hazards
Hazard mapping and land use zoning – identifying areas at most risk and limiting the activities that can take place there
Building codes – creating a set of building codes to increase the resilience of buildings to volcanic hazards
Education and training – preparing communities to improve evacuation and response
Outline short-term responses to volcanic hazards
Evacuation – moving people out of the danger zone around a volcano when it shows signs of erupting
Search and rescue – using sniffer dogs and heat sensors to locate survivors and rescue them
Emergency aid - providing food, water, medical aid to affected communities
