524- Senses Flashcards
What is transduction?
which allows us to what?
when sensory receptors detect stimuli (internally or externally) and converts it to action potentials… which gets sent through sensory neurons to be processed in the CNS.
> gives us the ability to experience senses
What are the receptors responsible for location? (3)
function?
⭐Exteroceptors (external changes, body surface)
⭐Interoceptors (internal changes, stretch of organs/pain, touch, smell, light)
⭐Proprioceptors (position of body in space, maintains balance)
What are the levels of neural integration?(3)
-what happens if this gets interrupted?
1) Transduction
2) Sensory Transmission
3) Sensory Perception
⭐you’ll be unable to experience that affected sense.
Differences between simple and complex receptors
detects, location
⭐Simple:
-mechanoreceptors, nociceptors, thermoreceptors, stretch
-GENERAL sensory info
>modified dendritic endings of sensory neurons
⭐ Complex:
vision, hearing, balance, olfaction, taste -(senses organs)
>localised collections of cells and tissues
What is a fungiform papillae?
purpose?
it is the visible raised “buds” we see on our tongues. Our taste buds are located on the sides of this.
Each contains a taste pore where dissolved chemicals can enter and stimulate receptors on gustatory hairs
How do we taste foods? (gustatory)
We can taste foods when food molecules bind with (chemo)receptors in the taste buds found in the sides of the fungiform papillae. Through this, an action potential is created (transduction) and transmitted along cranial nerves (g, f) to the thalamus, which directs it to the gustatory cortex in the insula…
Particles must be in what form to be smelt?
⭐ Volatile (gaseous) state.
Intentionally sniffing/smelling allows MORE particles up into the nasal cavity
How do we smell something? (olfaction)
Volatile particles travels up the nasal cavity which dissolves in its mucus. They then bind with receptors found on the olfactory cilia causing an action potential to be created and sent through the olfactory nerve to the thalamus which directs it to the olfactory cortex found in the temporal lobe.
What are the 3 (ossicles) small bones found in the ear?
⭐ malleus (hammer)
⭐ incus (anvil)
⭐ stapes (stirrup)
How do we hear something?
Sound waves (vibrations) enter the external auditory canal and causes the tympanic membrane to vibrate! The ossicles send these to the oval window of the cochlea making pressure waves in the cochlear fluids (perilymph and endolymph). These move the tectorial and basilar membranes which causes the membrane hairs to vibrate and make action potentials that get transmitted through the vestibulocochlear nerve then to the thalamus. From here it gets sent to the primary auditory cortex in the temporal lobe.
What is pharyngotympanic tube’s purpose? (2)
auditory tube
⭐there to EQUALISE the AIR PRESSURE on either side of the tympanic membrane.
⭐drains secretions or debris from the middle to the pharynx
What is the collective name given to the structures in the inner ear that is involved with our sense of balance? (=)
Vestibular apparatus (“system”)
How does the endolymph in the semicircular canals give us the sense of motion? (3)
⭐Lateral semi circular duct
rotate head left to right (“axial rotation”)
⭐Anterior duct
up and down (“flexion extension”)
⭐Posterior duct
move head left to right (“lateral bending of head”)
How do we maintain our sense of balance?
Head movements make the endolymph found in the semicircular canals to move and bend the cupula. If the hair bundles (“kinocilium”) found in the cupula also move, then action potentials are made. These action potentials are sent through the auditory nerve to the cerebellum and brainstem (midbrain). They help with balance and tell the brain about the head’s position.
What is light?
electromagnetic radiation that travels in waves
