5.2: The Theory of Plate Tectonics Flashcards

1
Q

What is the core?

A

Made up of dense ricks containing iron and nickel alloys. Divided into inner and outer core.

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2
Q

What’s the difference between the inner and outer core?

A

The inner core is solid. The outer core is molten and has a temperature of over 5000*C.

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3
Q

How is the heat in the outer core produced?

A

Due to primordial heat (left over from the Earth’s formation).
And radiogenic heat (produced from radioactive decay of isotopes).

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4
Q

What is the mantle?

A

Made up of molten and semi-molten rocks containing lighter elements eg oxygen.

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5
Q

How is the crust lighter than the mantle?

A

Because of the elements that are present eg potassium.

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6
Q

How thick is the crust beneath oceans?

A

6-10km.

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7
Q

How thick is the crust beneath continents?

A

30-40km.

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8
Q

How thick is the crust beneath mountain ranges?

A

70km

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9
Q

What is the aesthenosphere?

A

Lies beneath the lithosphere. Is semi-molten on which the plates float and move.

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10
Q

What is the lithosphere?

A

Consists of the crust and the rigid upper section of the mantle. Around 80-90km thick. This is divided into 7 v large plates and a number of smaller ones.

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11
Q

What did Alfred Wegener propose?

A

That a supercontinent existed about 300m years ago (Pangea), which later split into Gondwanaland and Laurasia. Today’s continents were formed from further splitting of these land masses.

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12
Q

What is the geological evidence of Wegener’s theory?

A
  • fit of South America and west Africa.
  • rock sequences in northern Scotland closely matching those found in eastern Canada, indicating that they were laid down under the same conditions in one location.
  • evidence of a late Carboniferous glaciation, deposits from which are found in Antarctica, America and India.
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13
Q

What is the biological evidence for Wegener’s theory?

A
  • fossil remains of the reptile: mesosaurus found in both South America and Southern Africa. It’s unlikely that the same reptile could have developed in both areas or could have migrated across the Atlantic.
  • the fossilised remains of a plant which existed when coals was being formed have been located only in India and Antarctica.
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14
Q

What did Harry Hess find in 1962?

A

The youngest rocks were in the middle of the floor of the Atlantic Ocean, and oldest near the USA and Caribbean.

This provides evidence for seafloor spreading (the Atlantic sea floor was spreading outwards from the centre).

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15
Q

What conforms Hess’ idea of sea floor spreading?

A

Paleomagnetism.

Whereby every 400,000 years, the Earth’s magnetic field switches polarity, causing the magnetic north and south poles to swap.

Sea floor spreading is shown from mirror imaged patterns of switches of magnetic north and south.

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16
Q

How is the paleomagnetism that provides evidence for sea floor spreading recorded?

A

Iron oxide in lava erupted onto the ocean floor records the Earth’s magnetic orientation of that time.

17
Q

Seafloor spreading and palaeomagnetism would suggest that the Earth is getting bigger. So what evidence is used to explain this?

A

The discovery of deep ocean trenches - where the ocean floor is being pulled downwards (subducted), and destroyed.

18
Q

What is the main difference in structure between continental and oceanic trenches?

A

Continental - mainly sial.

Oceanic - mainly sima.

19
Q

Which is older: continental or oceanic?

A

Continental (1500m years old) - oceanic is only 200m years old.

20
Q

Why don’t continental plates sink into the aesthenosphere?

A

Due to their relatively low density.

21
Q

Why don’t oceanic plates last as long as continental plates?

A

Because they’re denser - so continually being formed at mid-ocean ridges and destroyed and deep ocean trenches.

22
Q

How are convection currents created?

A

Hotspots around the core heat the lower mantle, creating convection currents which rise towards the surface before spreading in the aesthenosphere, then cooling and sinking again.

This circulation of heat (magma) causes crustal plates to move.

23
Q

What are the two types of plate boundaries?

A

Constructive (plates moving away from each other)

Destructive (plates moving towards each other)

24
Q

Bearing in mind that no gaps can occur between plates, what happens if plates are moving apart?

A

New oceanic crusts must be formed.

25
Q

Name the landforms associated with plate movement.

A
  • ocean ridges
  • rift valleys
  • deep sea trenches
  • island arcs
  • young fold mountains
  • volcanoes
26
Q

Outline ocean ridges as a landform associated with plate movements.

A

Formed when plates move apart in oceanic areas.

So the space between these plates is filled with basaltic lava upwelling from below, to form a ridge.

27
Q

Outline rift valleys as landforms, associated with plate movements.

A

Plates move apart on continental areas because the lithosphere has stretched, causing it to fracture into sets of parallel faults. The land between these faults then collapse into deep, wide valleys that are separated by HORSTS (the area between two parallel rift valleys, forming an upstanding block).

28
Q

What landform is a Horst associated with and why?

A

Rift valleys - they form an upstanding block between two parallel rift valleys

29
Q

Outline deep sea trenches as a landform associated with plate movement.

A

Where oceanic and continental plates meet, the denser oceanic plate is forced beneath the lighter continental one (subduction) - forming a trench. Eg Peru-Chile trench.

30
Q

Outline how fold mountains can form from an oceanic and continental plate meeting.

A

As the two plates converge, the continental land mass is uplifted, compressed and folded into chains of fold mountains eg the Andes.

As compression continues, simple folding can become asymmetrical, then overfolded (making a recumbent fold). Increasing the compression further would make the middle section so thin that it might break, creasing a nappe.

31
Q

What is a nappe?

A

When fold mountains are overfolded (further from recumbent fold), making the middle section so thin that it might break and creating a nappe.

32
Q

How can continental and oceanic plates meeting cause an earthquake?

A

The descending oceanic plate starts to melt at depths beyond 100km (entering the Benioff zone) - and the melting is caused by friction. This friction may lead to tension (stresses) building up, which may suddenly be released as intermediate or deep-focus earthquakes.

33
Q

How can a continental and oceanic plate converging cause a volcanic eruption?

A

The melted oceanic plate creates magma, which is less dense than the surrounding asthenosphere and as a result, rises in great plumes. Then, passing through cracks in the buckled continental plate, the magma may eventually reach the surface to form explosive volcanic eruptions.

34
Q

What happens when two oceanic plates meet?

A

When they collide, the denser plate subducts beneath the other, leading to the formation of a deep ocean trench.

35
Q

What happens when two continental plates meet?

A

Because continental plates are of lower density than the asthenosphere beneath them, subduction doesn’t occur. The colliding plates simply become uplifted and buckle to form high fold mountains.

36
Q

Why does volcanic activity occur when two continental plates meet?

A

Because there is no subduction (as continental plates are of lower density than the asthenosphere beneath them).

37
Q

It’s now believed that plate movement is too complex to be explained by convection currents, so has been replaced by the idea of ‘gravitational sliding’. Explain this in constructive boundaries.

A

The upwelling of hot material at ocean ridges generates a buoyancy effect that produces the ocean ridge which stands 3km above the ocean floor. Here, oceanic plates experience a force that acts away from the ridge (aka gravitational sliding), which is the result of gravity acting down on the slope of the ridge.

38
Q

Outline gravitational sliding at destructive plate boundaries.

A

There is a downward gravitational force acting on the cold and dense descending plate as it sinks into the mantle. This gravity generated force pulls the whole oceanic plate down as a result of the negative buoyancy of the plate - slab pull.