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Biology Paper 2 > 5.2 Respiration (including required practical 9) > Flashcards

5.2 Respiration (including required practical 9) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is aerobic respiration?

A
  • requires oxygen and produces carbon dioxide, water and much ATP
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2
Q

What is anaerobic respiration?

A
  • does not use oxygen
  • Takes place in the absence of oxygen and produces lactate or ethanol and carbon dioxide but only a little ATP
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3
Q

What 4 stages can aerobic respiration be divided into?

A
  • Glycolysis
  • Link reaction
  • Krebs cycle
  • Oxidative Phosphorylation
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4
Q

What is glycolysis?

A
  • the first stage of respiration and the only stage in anaerobic respiration
  • the splitting of the 6 carbon glucose molecule into two 3 carbon pyruvate molecules
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5
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

in the cytoplasm

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6
Q

What is glucose?

A
  • the starting substrate in glycolysis
  • an energy rich chemical
  • however, is unreactive and activation energy from ATP is needed
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7
Q

What is the first stage of glycolysis?

A
  • Phosphorylation of glucose to glucose phosphate
    >Before it can be split into 2, glucose must first be made more reactive by the addition of 2 phosphate molecules
    >The phosphate molecules come from the hydrolysis of 2 ATP molecules to ADP-this provides the energy to activate glucose and lowers the activation energy for the enzyme-controlled reactions that follow
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8
Q

What is the second stage of glycolysis?

A
  • Splitting of the phosphorylated glucose
    >each glucose molecule is split into two 3-carbon molecules known as triose phosphate
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9
Q

What is the third stage of glycolysis?

A
  • Oxidation of triose phosphate
    >hydrogen is removed from each of the two triose phosphates and transferred to a hydrogen carrier molecule known as NAD to form reduced NAD
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10
Q

What is the fourth stage of glycolysis?

A
  • The production of ATP
    >enzyme controlled reactions convert each triose phosphate into another 3-carbon-molecule called pyruvate
    >in the process, 2 molecules of ATP are regenerated from ADP
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11
Q

What is the starting substrate for glycolysis?

A

Glucose

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12
Q

What are the products for glycolysis?

A

2x pyruvate

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13
Q

How many carbon reactions are in the reactants in glycolysis?

A

6

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14
Q

How many carbons are in the products in glycolysis?

A

(2x) 3

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15
Q

Is ATP produced directly in glycolysis?

A

Yes

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16
Q

Is ATP produced via co-enzymes in Glycolysis?

A

No

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17
Q

Where does the Link Reaction take place?

A

In the matrix

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18
Q

What is the first stage of the link reaction?

A
  • the pyruvate is oxidised to acetate
    >in this reaction, the 3-carbon pyruvate loses a carbon dioxide molecule and two hydrogens
    >these hydrogens are accepted by NAD to from reduced NAD, which is later used to produce ATP
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19
Q

What is the second stage of the link reaction?

A

The 2-carbon acetate combines with a molecule called coenzyme A to produce a compound called acetylcoenzyme A

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20
Q

What is the starting substrate in the link reaction?

A

Pyruvate

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21
Q

What is the product in the link reaction?

A

Acetylcoenzyme A

22
Q

How many carbons are in the reactants in the link reaction?

A

(x2) 3

23
Q

How many carbons are in the products in the link reaction?

A

2

24
Q

Is ATP produced directly in the link reaction?

A

No

25
Q

Is ATP produced via coenzymes?

A

No

26
Q

Where does the Krebs Cycle take place?

A

In the matrix

27
Q

What is the first stage of the Krebs Cycle?

A

The acetylcoenzyme A combines with a 4 carbon compound (oxaloacetate) to form a 6 carbon compound (citate)

28
Q

What is the second stage of the Krebs Cycle?

A

In a series of reactions citrate is converted back to oxaloacetate. The cycle itself and the chemicals involved are incidental, its the production of ATP and reduced co-enzymes NAD and FAD that’s important

29
Q

What is the third stage of the Krebs Cycle?

A

The H atoms split into protons and electrons, the protons combine with oxygen ions to form water, the electrons enter the electron transport chain

30
Q

What is the starting substrate in the Krebs Cycle?

A

Acetylcoenzyme A

31
Q

What are the products in the Krebs Cycle?

A

Carbon Dioxide
(ATP, reduced NAD, reduced FAD)

32
Q

How many carbons are in the reactants in the Krebs Cycle?

A

2

33
Q

How many carbons are in the products in the Krebs Cycle?

A

1 in each of the 2 CO2

34
Q

Is ATP produced directly in the Krebs Cycle?

A

Yes

35
Q

Is ATP produced via co-enzymes in the Krebs Cycle?

A

No

36
Q

Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur?

A

In the cristae membranes

37
Q

What is the first stage of oxidative phosphorylation?

A
  • electrons from the reduced coenzymes NAD and FAD are used to make ATP
38
Q

What is the second stage of oxidative phosphorylation?

A

The energy is used to form a proton/hydrogen ion gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane

39
Q

What is the third stage of oxidative phosphorylation?

A

Hydrogen ions are actively transported from the matrix to the intermembrane space. The protons diffuse back through the membrane through molecules of ATPsynthase

40
Q

What is the fourth stage of oxidative phosphorylation?

A

ATP is synthesised from ADP and inorganic phosphate

41
Q

What is the fifth stage of oxidative phosphorylation?

A

Oxygen is the final electron acceptor and combines with protons and electrons to produce water

42
Q

In eukaryotic cells, what type of anaerobic respiration occur with any regualrity?

A

Pyruvate is converted to ethanol or lactate using reduced NAD. The oxidised NAD produced in the way can be used for further glycolysis

43
Q

When does anaerobic respiration occur?

A

In the absence of a ready supply of oxygen (e.g. during intense physical activity, when oxygen reserves are depleted)

44
Q

How do you generate small amounts of energy in anaerobic respiration?

A

In order to generate the small amounts of energy provided by glycolysis, the end product must be converted into another substance before more glucose can be used

45
Q

Why must pyruvate be converted into another substance before more glucose can be used?

A

Because the conversion of pyruvate replenishes the levels of the hydrogen acceptor (NAD) needed for glycolysis to occur

46
Q

What happens to the reduced NAD in anaerobic respiration?

A
  • glycolysis produces 2 reduced NAD molecules
  • In aerobic respiration these are used in oxidative phosphorylation to generate ATP
  • No oxidative phosphorylation in anaerobic respiration
  • NAD must be regenerated
47
Q

What process converts pyruvate into ethanol?

A

fermentation

48
Q

What is the equation of fermentation?

A

pyruvate + reduced NAD -> ethanol + carbon dioxide + NAD

49
Q

In muscle cells when does anaerobic respiration happen?

A

occurs when there is a temporary shortage of oxygen

50
Q

What is the equation of muscle cells?

A

Pyruvate + 2 reduced NAD -> lactate + 2 NAD

Biology Paper 2 (9 decks)

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