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OCR A Chemistry > 5.2 - Energy > Flashcards

5.2 - Energy Flashcards

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1
Q
A
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2
Q

Define the term standard lattice enthalpy

A

The enthalpy change when one mole of ionic lattice is formed from its gaseous ions under standard conditions

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3
Q

Give an example reaction equation that shows standard lattice enthalpy

A

Sodium ion(g) + Chloride ion(g) → NaCl(s) Calcium ion(g) + Oxygen ion (g) → CaO(s)

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4
Q

Define the term standard enthalpy change of formation

A

The enthalpy change when one mole of compound is formed from its elements in their defined standard states under standard conditions

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5
Q

Give an example reaction equation that shows standard enthalpy change of formation

A

K(s) + 1/2F2(g) → KF(s) 2C(s) + 3H2(g) + 1/2O2 (g) → C2H5OH

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6
Q

Define the term standard enthalpy change of atomisation

A

The enthalpy change when one mole of gaseous atoms is from from its elements in their defined standard states under standard conditions

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7
Q

Give an example reaction equation that shows standard enthalpy change of atomisation

A

K(s) → K(g) 1/2Br2 (s) → Br2(g)

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8
Q

Define the term first ionisation energy

A

The amount of energy required to remove one mole of electrons from one mole of gaseous atoms.

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9
Q

Give an example reaction equation that shows first ionisation energy

A

Na → Na^+ + e^- O → O^+ + e^-

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10
Q

Define the term second ionisation energy

A

The amount of energy that accompanies the formation of one mole of gaseous 2+ ions from 1 mole of gaseous 1+ iions

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11
Q

Give an example reaction equation that shows second ionisation energy

A

Na^+ → Na^2+ + e^- O^+ → O^2+ + e^-

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12
Q

Define the term first electron affinity

A

The enthalpy change that accompanies the formation of one mole of gaseous 1^- ions from gaseous atoms

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13
Q

Give an example reaction equation that shows first electron affinity

A

Cl(g) + e^- → Cl^-(g) 1/2F2(g) + e^- → F^-(g)

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14
Q

Define the term second electron affinity

A

The enthalpy change that accompanies the formation of one mole of gaseous 2^- ions from one mole of gaseous 1^- ions.

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15
Q

Give an example reaction equation that shows first electron affinity

A

Cl^-(g+ e^- → Cl^2-(g) F^-(g) + e^- → F^-(g)

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16
Q

What are the standard conditions

A

100kPa and 298Kelvin

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17
Q

Is Lattice Enthalpy always endothermic or always exothermic?

A

Always EXOTHERMIC

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18
Q

What factors determine lattice enthalpy?

A

Ionic size and Ionic charge

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19
Q

How does a decreasing ionic size affect lattice enthalpy?

A

Smaller ions have a higher charge density. This means that the ions attract to each other more strongly. Therefore, more energy is released when bonds form. Therefore, the smaller the ionic radius, the bigger the lattice enthalpy

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20
Q

How does an increasing ionic size affect lattice enthalpy?

A

Bigger ions have a smaller charge density. This means that the ions attract to each other more weakly. Therefore, less energy is released when bonds form. Therefore, the bigger the ionic radius, the smaller the lattice enthalpy

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21
Q

How does an increasing ionic chargevaffect lattice enthalpy?

A

The higher the charge on the ions, the more energy is released when an ionic lattice forms. This is due to the stronger electrostatic forces between the ions. Therefore, the higher the ionic charge, the larger the lattice enthalpy

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22
Q

How does a decreasing ionic charge affect lattice enthalpy?

A

The smaller the charge on the ions, the less energy is released when an ionic lattice forms. This is due to the weaker electrostatic forces between the ions. Therefore, the smaller the ionic charge, the smaller the lattice enthalpy

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23
Q

Higher lattice enthalpy means a higher or lower negative value?

A

Higher

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24
Q

What factors affect ionisation energy?

A

Nuclear charge Shielding Atomic radius

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25
Q

Greater nuclear charge = _______ ionisation energy. Why?

A

Higher. This is because the outermost electrons are more strongly attached to the nucleus. Therefore, more energy is needed to remove one mole of electrons from a gaseous atom.

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26
Q

Greater shielding = _______ ionisation energy. Why?

A

Lower. This is because the outermost electrons are less strongly attached to the nucleus. Therefore, less energy is needed to remove one mole of electrons from a gaseous atom.

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27
Q

Greater atomic radius = _______ ionisation energy. Why?

A

Lower. This is because the outermost electrons are further away from the nucleus. Therefore, they are less strongly attached to the nucleus. This means that less energy is needed to remove one mole of electrons from a gaseous atom.

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28
Q

What is a Born-Haber Cycle and what is it used to do?

A

A Born-Haber cycle is an indirect cycle which allows us to find lattice enthalpy for a reaction.

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29
Q

What does a generic Born-Haber cycle look like?

A

TOP First IE ↑ Electron affinity Atomisation ↓ ↑ ↓ Atomisation ↓ ↓ ↓ Formation - Formation - Formation - Formation BOTTOM

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30
Q

What thing must you include in a Born-Haber cycle?

A

State symbols Direction of arrows Diatomic? Name of steps (e.g. enthalpy change of atomisation) What do you times by 2 or 3 etc - Exothermic or endothermic (Watch out for 2nd electron affinity) - Balancing charges

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31
Q

In the Born-Haber cycle for a group 1 and group 7 element, do we times anything by 2 or 3?

A

NO

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32
Q

In the Born-Haber cycle for a group 2 and group 6 element, do we times anything by 2 or 3? If yes, what?

A

NO

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33
Q

In the Born-Haber cycle for a group 3 and group 6 element, do we times anything by 2 or 3? If yes, what?

A

Times by 2 : First IE, 2nd IE and 3rd IE (as there are 2 moles of Group 3 element) Times by 3: First Electron Affinity and Second electron affinity (as there are 3 moles of Group 4 element)

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34
Q

In the Born-Haber cycle for a group 2 and group 7 element, do we times anything by 2 or 3? If yes, what?

A

Times by 2: Atomisation of the halogen and the first electron affinity (as there are 2 moles of group 7 element by 1 mole group 2 element)

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35
Q

Give the formula for Lattice Enthalpy

A

LE = - Electron affinity - First IE - Enthalpy change of atomisation of element X - Enthalpy change of atomisation of element Y + Enthalpy change of formation

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36
Q

Define enthalpy change of solution

A

The enthalpy change when one mole of a solute dissolves in water under standard conditions

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37
Q

Give 3 example reactions equations that show the enthalpy change of solution

A

NaCl(s) → Na^+(g) + Cl^-(g) MgF2l(s) → Mg^2+(g) + F^-(g) MgCO3(s) → Mg^2+(g) + CO3^2-(g)

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38
Q

What formula can we use to find the enthalpy change of solution?

A

Enthalpy change of solution = Enthalpy change of hydration of X + Enthalpy change of hydration of Y - Standard lattice enthalpy *Be careful with signs, take time. This is easy marks.

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39
Q

Define enthalpy change of hydration

A

The enthalpy change when one mole of gaseous ions is dissolved in water under standard conditions

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40
Q

Give 3 example reactions equations that show the enthalpy change of hydration

A

Na^+(g) → Na^+(aq) K^+(g) → K^+(aq) O^2-(g) → O^2-(aq)

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41
Q

Is enthalpy change of hydration, exothermic or endothermic?

A

Exothermic because bonds are being made with water

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42
Q

Is enthalpy change of solution, exothermic or endothermic?

A

It can be either

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43
Q

What happens when an ionic solid dissolves in water?

A

When an ionic solid dissolves in water, the bonds between the ions BREAK to give gaseous ions. This is ENDOTHERMIC. Furthermore, bonds between the gaseous ions and the WATER are made (forms aqueous ions). This is EXOTHERMIC.

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44
Q

Give the Born- Haber cycle for a hydration/solution containing cycle

A

TOP Gaseous atoms - Gaseous atoms - Gaseous atoms ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ Enthalpy change of hydration for X ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ Enthalpy change of hydration for Y ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ Enthalpy change of solution ↓ ↓ Ionic solid - Ionic solid - Ionic solid - Ionic solid BOTTOM

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45
Q

How can you calculate lattice enthalpy from a Born-Haber cycle that consists of enthalpy change of hydration and enthalpy change of formation

A

LE + Solution = Hydration of X + Hydration of Y Therefore LE = Hydration of X + Hydration of Y - Solution

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46
Q

If in the Born-Haber cycle that consists of enthalpy change of hydration and enthalpy change of solution, there are 2 moles of something, what do you do to its enthalpy change of hydration?

A

Times that by 2

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47
Q

What factors affect the enthalpy change of hydration?

A

Ionic size and Ionic charge

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48
Q

How does a decreasing ionic size affect affect enthalpy change of hydration?

A

Smaller ions have a higher charge density than bigger ions. They ATTRACT the water molecules BETTER and have a more exothermic enthalpy change of hydration. Therefore, the smaller the ion, the larger its enthalpy change of hydration (due to having a higher charge density and better water attraction

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49
Q

How does an increasing ionic size affect affect enthalpy change of hydration?

A

Bigger ions have a smaller charge density than smaller ions. They ATTRACT the water molecules WEAKER and have a less exothermic enthalpy change of hydration. Therefore, the bigger the ion, the smaller its enthalpy change of hydration (due to having a smaller charge density and weaker water attraction

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50
Q

How does an increasing ionic charge affect affect enthalpy change of hydration?

A

Ions with a higher ionic charge are better at ATTRACTING water molecules than those with lower charges. This means that the electrostatic attraction between the ion and the water molecule is STRONGER. This means that more energy is released when bonds are made, giving them a more EXOTHERMIC enthalpy change of hydration. Therefore, the higher the ionic charge, the higher the enthalpy change of hydration

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51
Q

How does a decreasing ionic charge affect affect enthalpy change of hydration?

A

Ions with a lower ionic charge are bad at ATTRACTING water molecules than those with higher charges. This means that the electrostatic attraction between the ion and the water molecule is WEAKER . This means that less energy is released when bonds are made, giving them a less EXOTHERMIC enthalpy change of hydration. Therefore, the lower the ionic charge, the lower the enthalpy change of hydration

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52
Q

Define the term entropy

A

A measure of dispersal in a system, which is greater, the more disordered the system

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53
Q

Higher entropy means?

A

More disorder (likely to be a gas)

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54
Q

Lower entropy means?

A

Less disorder (likely to be a solid)

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55
Q

How do we look at entropy?

A

In terms of the number of ways that energy can be shared and the number of ways that particles can be arranged.

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56
Q

More particles mean?

A

More entropy. This is because, the more particles we have, the more ways they and their energy can be arranged.

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57
Q

High entropy =

A

More disordered = Positive value = Likely to be a gas

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58
Q

Low entropy =

A

Less disordered = Negative value = Likely to be a solid

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59
Q

How is entropy affected by temperature?

A

An increase in temperature means the particles have more kinetic energy and so move more. This means that they become more disordered so entropy increases with temperature (Directly proportional relationship)

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60
Q

How does entropy change in terms of physical states?

A

As a substance changes from SOLID to LIQUID to GAS, it’s entropy will INCREASE each time. This is because particles are becoming more spread out, therefore more disordered.

61
Q

How does entropy change in terms of dissolving ionic lattices?

A

As an ionic lattice dissolves (becomes aqueous), the entropy will increase. This is because ions can spread out and the positions of the ions are far more disordered than within the lattice. This means that entropy INCREASES.

62
Q

How does entropy change in terms of number of gaseous moles? (Give the 2 rules)

A

Rule 1) When a reaction occurs, if there are more moles of gas in the PRODUCTS, the entropy increases. Rule 2)When a reaction occurs, if there are less moles of gas in the PRODUCTS, the entropy decreases.

63
Q

Give the formula for change in Entropy

A

Change in entropy = Entropy of Products - Entropy of Reactants

64
Q

When finding entropy change, what must we take into account?

A

Mole number

65
Q

If change in entropy is positive what does it mean?

A

The system has become more disordered

66
Q

If change in entropy is negative, what does it mean?

A

The system has become less disordered

67
Q

What is the Gibbs Free Energy equation?

A

ΔG = ΔH - TΔS Free energy change = Enthalpy change - (Temperature x Entropy change)

68
Q

In the free energy change formula, what does everything stand for?

A

ΔG = Free energy change (J/mol) ΔH = Enthalpy change (kJ/mol) T = Temperature (Kelvin) ΔS = Entropy change

69
Q

What must we divide by 1000, before inputting it, into our free energy change formula?

A

ΔS (converts it from J to kJ/mol)

70
Q

How do we find ΔH (Enthalpy change) ?

A

ΔH = Σ(enthalpy of products) - Σ(enthalpy of reactants)

71
Q

How do we find ΔS (Entropy change)

A

ΔS = Σ(entropy of products) - Σ(entropy of reactants)

72
Q

How do we find temperature using the Free energy equation?

A

T = ΔH / ΔS Temperature = Enthalpy change / Entropy change

73
Q

If ΔG is less than 0 (ΔG<0), what does it mean? So ΔH is negative and ΔS is positive.

A

It means the reaction is feasible

74
Q

If ΔG is more than 0 (ΔG>0), what does it mean? So ΔH is positive, and ΔS is negative

A

It means that the reaction WILL NOT proceed

75
Q

If ΔH is negative and ΔS is also negative, what does it mean?

A

The reaction is feasible when TΔS < ΔH. The reaction is feasible at lower temperatures

76
Q

If ΔH is positive and ΔS is also positive, what does it mean?

A

The reaction is feasible when TΔS > ΔH. The reaction is feasible at high temperatures

77
Q

If the reaction is feasible does it mean that will take place? Give 1 reason to support your answer

A

No it will not take place just because it’s feasible. One reason for this could be unfavourable kinetics e.g. activation energy may be too high.

78
Q

Describe the limitations of predictions made by ΔG about feasibility Give 2 limitations.

A

The reaction may have a high activation energy. Therefore, even if the reaction is feasible, due to such a high Ea, the reaction may not even take place. Standard Gibbs free energies are calculated for a specific set of conditions. It may be that the reaction proceeds normal under OTHER STANDARD CONDITIONS and perhaps not the current standard conditions.

79
Q

What is meant by an oxidising agent?

A

A species that accepts electrons and gets reduced itself

80
Q

Give 2 examples of an oxidising agent

A

Acidified potassium dichromate Potassium permanganate

81
Q

What is meant by a reducing agent?

A

A species that donates electrons and get oxidised itself.

82
Q

Give an example of a reducing agent

A

Sodium borohydride

83
Q

What is a redox reaction?

A

A reaction where one species is oxidised and another is reduced.

84
Q

What is a redox half equation?

A

An equation showing a species being either oxidised or reduced

85
Q

What can we use to balance redox half equations?

A

H20 e^- H^+ / OH^-

86
Q

How do you construct redox equations using half equations?

A
  • Balance out charges on both sides for each half equation (half equations don’t need the same overall charge on each side but they overall equation does) - Use H20 / e^- / H^+ / OH^- to balance the charges on both sides
87
Q

In terms of a redox half equation, if the conditions are acidic what can we use?

A

H^+

88
Q

In terms of a redox half equation, if the conditions are alkaline/basic what can we use?

A

OH^-

89
Q

Common redox reaction half equation : MnO4^- → 4H2O

A

MnO4^- + 8H^+ + 5e^- → Mn2+ + 4H2O

90
Q

Finish off the common redox reaction half equation Cr2O7^2- → Cr^3+

A

Cr2O7^2- + 14H^+ + 6e^- → 2Cr^3+ + 7H2O

91
Q

Finish off the common redox reaction half equation Fe^2+ → Fe^3+

A

Fe^2+ → Fe^3+ + e^-

92
Q

Finish off the redox reaction half equation Sn^2+ → Sn^4+

A

Sn^2+ → Sn^4+ + 2e^-

93
Q

Finish off the redox reaction half equation : SO2 → SO4^2-

A

SO2 +2H2O → SO4^2- + 4H^+ + 2e^-

94
Q

Finish off the redox reaction half equation VO2^+ → VO^2+

A

VO2^+ + 2H^+ + e^- → VO^2+ + H2O

95
Q

In terms of electrons, how do we know an element has been oxidised?

A

If it LOSES electrons

96
Q

In terms of electrons, how do we know an element has been reduced?

A

If it GAINS electrons

97
Q

To get an our overall redox equation, list a few things we must know/do

A
  • Multiply half equations to allow electrons to cancel out - Same side groups = ADD - Opposite side groups = SUBTRACT - Check overall charge on both sides at the end
98
Q

Give the Fe^2+/MnO4^- titration method

A

1) Using a pipette, measure out a quantity of the reducing agent (Fe^2+) 2) Add some dilute H2SO4 to the flask 3) Gradually add the oxidising agent (MnO4^-) to the reducing agent using a burette, swirling the conical flask around as you do so 4) Stop when the mixture in the flask just becomes TAINTED PINK. This point is known as the end point 5) Record the volume of the oxidising agent added. This gives us our titre. 6) Run a few extra titres and calculate the mean value of oxidising agent added using CONCORDANT titres.

99
Q

Fe^2+/MnO4^- titration common exam question 1: Why is ammonium iron sulfate suitable as a primary standard?

A
  • Stable - Available in a highly pure form
100
Q

Fe^2+/MnO4^- titration common exam question 2: Why is sulfuric acid added to the iron(Ii) solution prior titration?

A

Acidic conditions are necessary for the fully reduction of the oxidising agent

101
Q

Fe^2+/MnO4^- titration common exam question 3: Rather than using H2SO4, could you use HNO3 instead? Explain your answer

A

We can’t use nitric acid instead because it is a power oxidising agent.

102
Q

Fe^2+/MnO4^- titration common exam question 4: Rather than using H2SO4, could you use HCl instead? Explain your answer

A

We can’t use HCl instead because chlorine gas will be produced when it reacts with MnO4^-. Chlorine gas is toxic.

103
Q

Fe^2+/MnO4^- titration common exam question 5: In preparation for the titration, explain why the pipette and burette are rinsed with deionised water followed by a little of the solutions they contain

A

Deionised water removes any residual solutions in the burette and pipette. The 2nd step is to remove any residual deionised water, and so avoid the dilution of the solutions, why they are added to the burette and pipette.

104
Q

Fe^2+/MnO4^- titration common exam question 6 During the titration, the sides of the conicial flask are washed down with deionised water, why?

A

To ensure that all the MnO4^- added from the burette reacted with all the Fe^2+

105
Q

Fe^2+/MnO4^- titration common exam question 7 What was the catalyst in the reaction?

A

Mn^2+ ions

106
Q

Fe^2+/MnO4^- titration common exam question 8 Why was H2SO4 added in the making up of the ammonium iron (II) sulfate solution?

A

Without using H2SO4, ammonium iron sulfate would’ve been oxidised rather than the iron ions.

107
Q

Give the I2/S2O3^2- titration method

A

1) Measure out a certain value of potassium iodide solution (KIO3) 2) Add this to an excess of acidified potassium iodide solution (KI) 3) Using a burette, add sodium thiosulfate to the flask, drop wise. 4) When the iodine colour fades from a pale yellow, add 2.00cm^3 of starch. ( the colour of the solution will go from dark blue to colourless) 5) Add sodium thiosulfate again, dropwise until the blue colour disappears (blue to colourless) 6) Now calculate the number of moles of Iodine in solution.

108
Q

Give a method that could be used to answer any strucutured or unstrucutured titration calculation

A

1) Determine the number of moles 2) Using the mole ratio, find out the unknown mole numbers of all your other substances 3) Decide on the amounts that have reacted for known substances, and decide on the amounts of unknowns. 4) Using variations of n = C x V and n = m/Mr, answer the question

109
Q

Define standard electrode potential

A

The voltage produced when a half-cell is connected to a standard hydrogen half cell under standard conditions

110
Q

What is standard electrode potential measured in?

A

Volts (V)

111
Q

A more positive standard electrode potential means?

A

That the chemical will be EASIER to reduce. Therefore, the chemical is reduced and the position of equilibrium lies to the right

112
Q

A more positive standard electrode potential means that the position of equilibrium lies closer to the…..

A

RIGHT

113
Q

A LESS positive standard electrode potential means?

A

That the chemical will be HARDER to reduce. Therefore, the chemical is oxidised and the position of equilibrium lies to the left

114
Q

A LESS positive standard electrode potential means that the position of equilibrium lies closer to the…..

A

LEFT

115
Q

In terms of standard electrode potentials, what are the standard conditions?

A

Electrode of a pure metal (usually pure platinum) with a wire 298K (25 degrees celsius) Pressure = 101kPa/1atm 1.00 mol/dm^3 of the chemical in solution

116
Q

In terms of standard electrode potentials, what standard half-cell is used to make comparisons with all other half-cells?

A

The hydrogen half-cell H2/H^+ half cell

117
Q

What are the two possible electrode reactions at the hydrogen/half-cell?

A

2H+ + 2e- ⇌ H2(g) AND H2(g) ⇌ 2H+ + 2e-

118
Q

Why is a pure platinum electrode used?

A

Inert and it conducts electricity

119
Q

What are the limitations of standard electrode potentials?

A

Conditions aren’t always standard Rate of reaction may be too slow so it may appear as if it is not even happening High activation energy. This may even stop the reaction entirely from happening.

120
Q

What is a salt bridge?

A

A tube that is made out of filter paper soaked in KNO3 or NH4NO3.

121
Q

Why is a salt bridge added to the circuit?

A

It completes it by allowing for the movement of IONS.

122
Q

Why is a salt bridge needed in a reaction?

A

It allows for the movement of ions

123
Q

Without a salt bridge can the reaction still proceed?

A

No.

124
Q

Why is a wire needed in a reaction?

A

It allows for the transfer of electrons.

125
Q

Give the formula for Eθ cell

A

Eθ cell = Eθ (positive electrode) - Eθ(negative electrode)

126
Q

How can we predict if X will oxidise Y?

A

Apply Eθ laws Most positive Eθ value gets reduced Least positive Eθ value gets oxidised

127
Q

What other method can we use to represent electrochemical cells

A

Cell diagrams

128
Q

In a cell diagram, what does a single line represent?

A

A phase change between the atom.ion

129
Q

In a cell diagram, what does double lines represent?

A

A salt bridge.

130
Q

In a cell-diagram, what is always on the LHS?

A

The chemical with the MOST NEGATIVE Eθ

131
Q

In a cell-diagram, what is always on the RHS?

A

The chemical with the MOST POSITIVE Eθ

132
Q

What does a cell-diagram look like?

A

X atom I X ion II Y ion I Y atom Where X is the chemical that is oxidised Where Y is the chemical that is reduced.

133
Q

If a metal is more reactive, the willingness to lose electrons to form a positive metal ion.

A

Increases

134
Q

More reactive metals have more ……… Eθ value

A

NEGATIVE

135
Q

If a non-metal is more reactive, the willingness to gain electrons to form a negative ion

A

Increases

136
Q

More reactive non-metals have more ……… Eθ value

A

POSITIVE

137
Q

Magnesium has a more negative Eθ value than Zinc. What does this suggest?

A

As Mg has a more negative Eθ value that Zinc, it suggests that Mg is more eager to loser electrons to form a positive ion. Therefore, Mg is more reactive than Zinc.

138
Q

Chlorine has a more positive Eθ value Bromine. What does this suggest?

A

As Cl has a more positive Eθ value than Br, it suggests that Cl is more eager to gain electrons to form a negative ion. Therefore, Cl is more reactive than Br.

139
Q

What is meant by an E value?

A

An electrode potential value that can be measured under non-standard conditions for a half-cell connected to a hydrogen half-cell.

140
Q

What is meant by storage cell?

A

A storage cell is an electrochemical cell that can be recharged.

141
Q

With storage cells, a redox reaction takes place. When the reaction is finished what happens?

A

The cell recharges

142
Q

How can we find he recharging equation of a storage cell

A

Flip the redo equation for the usage of the storage cell.

143
Q

Give examples of storage cells

A

Nickel battery Cadmium battery Lithium ion and lithium polymer batteries in laptops

144
Q

What is meant by a fuel cell?

A

An electrochemical cell in which a fuel loses electrons at one electrode (fuel is oxidised) and oxygen gains electrons at the other electrode (oxygen is reduced)

145
Q

What happens in a fuel cell?

A

An fuel (must contain hydrogen e.g. H2 or methanol) is reacted with oxygen to create a voltage. The energy produced in the reaction is then converted into electrical energy.

146
Q

If ever, when will fuel cells stop working?

A

When either oxygen or a fuel is no longer supplied

147
Q

When fuel cells create a voltage, what is the waste product?

A

Water

148
Q

List benefits of using a fuel cell

A
  • Produce no CO, C, SO2 and NO. (Only waste product is water) - They are more efficient that combustion engines - Provide high levels of battery life
149
Q

List drawbacks of using a fuel cell

A
  • Production involves the use of toxic chemicals which need to be disposed of once the cell reaches the end of its life spam -Cells are highly flammable = May result in fires and explosions - Need to be replaced more regularly than a combustion engine - Depending on the fuel used, they can produce little or no CO2.

OCR A Chemistry (16 decks)

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