5.2 Electric Circuits Flashcards

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1
Q

Law of Conservation representted by Kirchoff’s Laws

A
  • Conservation of CHARGE: total current into a junction = total current out of a junction
  • Conservation of ENERGY: loss in electric potential = gain in electric potential in a closed loop
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2
Q

Diode

A

allows current to flow in one direction only; used to convert AC into DC

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3
Q

Fuse

A

melts and breaks the flow of current;
used to prevent overheating/fire

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4
Q

When electrons flow through a component in the circuit (e.g. a resistor)…

A
  1. electrons transfer electric potential energy to the component
  2. component transforms electric potential energy into other forms of energy (eg. thermal, light)
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5
Q

measuing the potential difference across a component =

A

measuring the difference in the electric potential energy of electrons before they enter the component and after they leave it

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6
Q

Ohm’s Law

A

V = IR
For a conductor at a constant temperature, the current through it is proportional to the potential difference across it

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7
Q

the gradient of an ohmic resistor’s I-V graph =

A

gradient = I/V = 1/R

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8
Q

What happens to the I/V graph of an ohmic resistor?

A

straight line through origin (since I is directly proportional to V)

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9
Q

What happens to the I/V graph of an filament bulb?

A
  • Middle section is straight and passes through origin (ohmic)
  • Gradient decreases as V increases → more I flows → temp increase → R increase → I increases at a slower rate (non-ohmic)
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10
Q

What happens to the I/V graph of an diode?

A
  • increasing gradient on RHS because diode is forward biased
  • zero current on LHS because diode doen’t conduct
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11
Q

resistivity

A

ρ = RA/L
resistance per unit length of a material with unit cross-sectional area

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12
Q

Wires are made from what material? Why?

A

copper: good conductor, low resistivity at room temperature

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13
Q

In a series circuit:

A
  • same current throughout
  • split p.d. depending on each component’s resistance
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14
Q

In a parallel circuit:

A
  • same p.d. across all loops
  • total current is sum of the currents in each parallel branch
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15
Q

advantage of parallel circuit

A
  • single power source supplies all with same p.d.
  • if one breaks, current can still flow through the rest
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16
Q

explain the heating effect of current

A

electrons flow through the conductor
–> collide with ions within the metal conductor, making them vibrate more –> heat up

17
Q

for a given resistor, if the current or voltage doubles, the power dissiplated will

A

x 4
(because P = IV = I^2R=V^2/R)

18
Q

The main purposes of a potential divider are:

A
  • To provide a variable potential difference
  • To provide a specific potential difference
  • To split the potential difference of a power source between two or more components
19
Q

potential divider equation:

A

V out = (R2/R1+R2) (V in)

20
Q

If the resistance of one of the resistors is increased

A

it will get a greater share of the potential difference, whilst the other resistor will get a smaller share (V=IR)

21
Q

primary vs secondary cell

A

primary: non-rechargable, chemical used up, disposed after use; electrons flow from - to +

secondary: rechargable (chemical reaction reversible); during recharge, electrons are forced from + to - by an external current

22
Q

capacity of a cell

A

the amount of charge that it contains AND is able to discharge

23
Q

Lamp A is connected to a 240 V supply and lamp B is connected to a 12 V battery. Both lamps have the same current, yet 240 V lamp glows more brightly. Explain in terms of energy transfer

A

Voltage is energy transferred per coulomb charge.
Since the lamps have the same rate of flow of charge (current), the energy transferred to each coulomb of charge in the 240 V lamp is 20 times greater than for the 12 V lamp.

24
Q

explain the difference between p.d. and e.m.f

A

both are energy transfered per unit charge, but the type of energy transfer is different

  • p.d. is the energy transfered from electrical to other forms per unit charge
  • (eg. when charges pass through a resistor, their electrical energy is converted to heat, creating a potential different across the resistor)
  • e.m.f is the energy transfered from other forms to electrical per unit charge
  • (eg. when charges pass a power supply, the chemical energy in power supply is converted to electric energy and transfered to the charges)
25
Q

electromotive force (emf)

A

power supplied per unit current / energy supplied per unit charge; in moving charge completely around the circuit

26
Q

Explain why the headlights of a car may go slightly dimmer when the engine is started.

A

the starter motor needs more I → increased I increases lost volts (Ir, where r is internal resistance)

27
Q

Explain why a high-voltage supply for use in school demonstrations has a very large internal resistance included inside it.

A

if someone touches and current flows, the p.d. will immediately drop to a very low value as Ir is so large

28
Q

electronvolt (eV)

A

work done to move 1 electron through a p.d. of 1V

29
Q

electric potential difference

A

energy per unit charge; when a positive test charge is moved between two points

30
Q

electric current

A

the rate of flow of charge past a given cross-section

31
Q

how do you determine the energy stored/transferred by a constant current from a discharging graph (V-t)

A

area under graph = Vt
energy = VIt = current x area

32
Q

The current needed to recharge a secondary cell must

A

flow in the opposite direction to the natural current flow