5.2 Electric Circuits Flashcards
Law of Conservation representted by Kirchoff’s Laws
- Conservation of CHARGE: total current into a junction = total current out of a junction
- Conservation of ENERGY: loss in electric potential = gain in electric potential in a closed loop
Diode
allows current to flow in one direction only; used to convert AC into DC
Fuse
melts and breaks the flow of current;
used to prevent overheating/fire
When electrons flow through a component in the circuit (e.g. a resistor)…
- electrons transfer electric potential energy to the component
- component transforms electric potential energy into other forms of energy (eg. thermal, light)
measuing the potential difference across a component =
measuring the difference in the electric potential energy of electrons before they enter the component and after they leave it
Ohm’s Law
V = IR
For a conductor at a constant temperature, the current through it is proportional to the potential difference across it
the gradient of an ohmic resistor’s I-V graph =
gradient = I/V = 1/R
What happens to the I/V graph of an ohmic resistor?
straight line through origin (since I is directly proportional to V)
What happens to the I/V graph of an filament bulb?
- Middle section is straight and passes through origin (ohmic)
- Gradient decreases as V increases → more I flows → temp increase → R increase → I increases at a slower rate (non-ohmic)
What happens to the I/V graph of an diode?
- increasing gradient on RHS because diode is forward biased
- zero current on LHS because diode doen’t conduct
resistivity
ρ = RA/L
resistance per unit length of a material with unit cross-sectional area
Wires are made from what material? Why?
copper: good conductor, low resistivity at room temperature
In a series circuit:
- same current throughout
- split p.d. depending on each component’s resistance
In a parallel circuit:
- same p.d. across all loops
- total current is sum of the currents in each parallel branch
advantage of parallel circuit
- single power source supplies all with same p.d.
- if one breaks, current can still flow through the rest