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Module 5 – Communication, Homeostasis & Energy > 5.1.2 Excreation > Flashcards

5.1.2 Excreation Flashcards

1
Q

What are features of the liver

A 
Hepatic artery 
Hepatic portal vein 
Sinusoids
Kupffer cells
Canaliculi
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2
Q

What are liver cells known as

A

Hepatocytes

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3
Q

What vessels supply oxygenated blood to the liver

A

Hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein

Mixed in spaces called sinusoids

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4
Q

Outline the functions of the liver

A

Glycogen storage - glucagon binds to receptors in cell membrane,hepatocytes converts glucose to glycogen,
Urea formation - ammonia +CO2 to form urea

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5
Q

Outline the process of carbohydrate metabolism

A

Homeostatic control of glucose levels in blood

Glucose and insulin’s level rise, stimulate hepatocytes to convert glucose to glycogen

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6
Q

Outline the process of deamination of excess amino acids

A

Hepatocytes carry out transamination- conversion of one amino acid into another
Deamination - removal of an amine group from a molecule.
Removal of amino group -> convert to ammonia and rest for respiration or converted to lipids for storage.

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7
Q

What is the cycle known on where ammonia is converted to urea in a set of enzyme controlled reactions

A

Ornithine cycle

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8
Q

What is the role of Kupffer cells

A

Act as the resident macrophages of the liver- ingest foreign particles

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9
Q

How is bile secreted and where

A

Hepatocytes from the breakdown of the blood into spaces called canaliculi

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10
Q

What are nephrons

A

Functional units of kidneys

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11
Q

List the structures in the nephron

A 
Bowmans capsule 
Proximal convoluted tubule 
Loop of Henle 
Distal convoluted tubule 
Collecting duct
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12
Q

What is the function of the bowmans capsule

A

Cup shaped structure

contains glomerulus

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13
Q

Where do many substance needed by the body get reabsorbed into the blood

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

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14
Q

What is the loop of Henle

A

Long loop of tubule that creates region with a very high solute concentration in the tissue fluid in kidney medulla

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15
Q

What is the distal convoluted tubule

A

Where fine tuning water balance takes place

Permeability of the walls varies in reasons to levels of the antidiuretic hormone(ADH)

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16
Q

Collecting duct

A

Urine passes down the collecting duct through the medulla to the pelvis
More fine tuning

17
Q

Describe the network of blood vessels associated with each nephron

A

Renal artery, afferent arteriole,glomerulus, efferent arteriole, capillaries, renal vein

18
Q

What is the responsibility of the nephron

A

Formation of urine

19
Q

What are some of the causes of kidney failure

A

Structure of podocytes and the tubles themselves may be damaged/destroyed
Raised blood pressure that can damage the structure of the epithelial cells and basement membrane of the Bowmans capsule
Genetic condition e.g polycystic kidney disease

20
Q

What are the effects of kidney failure

A

Loss of electrocyte balance- body can not excrete sodium,potassium and chloride ions causing osmotic inbalance
Build up toxic urea in the blood - body can nor get rid of urea and can poison cells
HBP- heart problems and strokes
Anaemia- rescue production of RBC as kidney involved in production of ERYTHOPOTEIN

21
Q

What is glomerular filtration rate

A

Blood test that measures the level of creatine in the blood(breakdown product of muscles)
Units are cm3/min

22
Q

What is haemodialysis

A

Involves a use of a dialysis machine
Partially permeable dialysis membrane, mimics the basement membrane of the BC
other side of membrane prevents loss of glucose and some mineral ions

23
Q

What occurs when water potential is low in the blood

A

1) detected by osmoreceptors in hypothalamus if WP in blood is low, sends nervous impulse
2) ADH is secreted from posterior pituitary gland in blood
3) ADH binds to receptor membrane of collecting duct, triggers a secondary messenger inside the cell
Aquaporins(In vesicles) moved into cell membrane via micro tubles/ cytoskeleton
Leads to phosphorylation
H20 is absorbed out of CD into blood
4) smaller volume of conc. urine produced

24
Q

Why do kangaroos have a longer loop of Henle

A

Longer ascending limb= more ions are actively pumped out into the medulla which creates a really low water potential meaning more water moves out from the collecting duct into the capillaries

25
Q

What is removed from excess amino acid

A

Nitrogen containing amino group (-NH2)

26
Q

Where does the ornithine cycle takes place

A

Mitochondria of liver cells

Cytoplasm

27
Q

What do each lobule contain

A

Central vein in the middle that connects to the hepatic artery,hepatic portal vein and bile duct

Module 5 – Communication, Homeostasis & Energy (6 decks)

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