5.1.2 DSM/ICD R+V

Question 1

Define ‘reliability’ in terms of diagnosing a mental disorder.

Answer 1

How consistent the ability to diagnose correctly is when using the DSM and ICD.

Question 2

List the 2 different types of reliability.

Answer 2

1) Inter-rater
2) Test-retest

Question 3

Define ‘inter-rater reliability’ in terms of diagnosing a mental disorder.

Answer 3

The consistency of multiple clinicians agreeing on the diagnosis of a patient using the same diagnostic tool.

Question 4

Define ‘test-retest reliability’ in terms of diagnosing a mental disorder.

Answer 4

Whether the diagnosis of a patient is consistent when being re-diagnosed at a later date.

Question 5

Give 3 examples of studies testing the reliability of the DSM and/or the ICD.

Answer 5

1) Beck et al (1961)
2) Goldstein (1988)
3) Cheniaux (2009)

Question 6

What did Beck et al (1961) find in terms of the reliability of the DSM and ICD?

Answer 6

He found 54% inter-rater reliability between 2 psychiatrists for 154 patients.

Question 7

What did Goldstein (1988) find in terms of the reliability of the DSM-II and DSM-III?

Answer 7

He tested the reliability of the DSM-III against the DSM-II when re-diagnosing patients with Sz (169/199 were successfully re-diagnosed).

Question 8

What did Cheniaux (2009) find in terms of the reliability of the DSM-III and ICD-10?

Answer 8

Compared the diagnosis between DSM-IV and the ICD-10 of Sz, depression, etc. Found that Sz was more frequently diagnosed using the ICD-10.

Question 9

Define ‘validity’ in terms of diagnosing a mental disorder.

Answer 9

How accurate and correct the DSM and ICD are at diagnosing a mental disorder.

Question 10

List the 5 different types of validity.

Answer 10

1) Predictive
2) Construct
3) Concurrent
4) Etiological
5) Convergent

Question 11

Define ‘predictive validity’ in terms of diagnosing a mental disorder.

Answer 11

The accuracy of a prediction made when diagnosing a mental disorder which is tested at a later date.
Eg. If individual has Sz, disorder will get worse over time w/o meds

Question 12

Define ‘construct validity’ in terms of diagnosing a mental disorder.

Answer 12

How accurate the criteria for diagnosis of a mental disorder is.

Question 13

Define ‘concurrent validity’ in terms of diagnosing a mental disorder.

Answer 13

When results of a study testing the DSM against the ICD matches another done at the same time. To what extent does one tool agree with another tool/measure
eg. DSM v ICD, if both diagnose for depression then has high concurrent V

Question 14

Define ‘aetiological validity’ in terms of diagnosing a mental disorder.

Answer 14

This is established by examining what is known about the causes of the disorder and matching them to the person’s history, seeing if there’s unknown medical causes such as physical (undiagnosed) which results in the symptoms that were believed to be a mental disorder.
Eg. AN- could have physical factor impacting their mental state eg clinicial looking at history of weight loss changes, anaemia

Question 15

Define ‘convergent/ descriptive validity’ in terms of diagnosing a mental disorder.

Answer 15

When two measures of the same diagnosis agree with each other using a test of correlation.
The extent to which 2 patients exhibit similar symptoms with the same diagnosis Eg Sz, a group may all experience negative symptoms then develop positive, high descriptive V

Question 16

Give 3 examples of studies testing the validity of the DSM and/or the ICD.

Answer 16

1) Sanchez-Villages et al (2008)
2) Allardyce et al (2007)
3) Jakobsen et al (2005)

Question 17

What did Sanchez-Villages et al (2008) find in terms of the validity of the DSM?

Answer 17

62 ‘depressed’ patients + 42 ‘non-depr’ patients rediagnosed, found that of 68% of 62 were diangnosed depr again, and 81% of 42 were confirmed of NOT having depr- high predictive V

Question 18

What did Allardyce et al (2007) suggest in terms of the validity of the DSM and ICD?

Answer 18

Some symptoms of Sz common amongst gen pop, he questioned construct of the criteria used to diagnose mental disorder

Question 19

What did Jakobsen et al (2005) find in terms of the validity of the ICD-10?

Answer 19

Found in Danish (in)patie nts w Sz + sample of (out)patients w history of psychosis, 87% predictive value when making correct diagnosis using IDC-10

Question 20

Give 2 examples of studies testing the reliability AND validity of the DSM and/or the ICD.

Answer 20

1) Rosenhan
2) Cooper (1972)

Question 21

What did Rosenhan find in terms of the reliability AND validity of the DSM-III?

Answer 21

Reliability
- Pseudos consistenly diagnosed SZ
Validity
- DSM-III can’t recognise fake paitients against real, no accuracy in correct diagnosis

Question 22

What did Cooper (1972) find in terms of reliability AND validity of the DSM?

Answer 22

Reliability
- USA diagnosed mainly Sz and UK diagnosed mainly depr for 154 patients
Validity
- Diff cultures diagnosisng differently questions accuracy of diagnostic tools

Question 23

List 3 examples of general evaluation points.

Answer 23

1) Clinician’s training
2) Differing cultures
3) Patient disclosure

Question 24

Operationalised & measurable- Validity

Answer 24

Turning abstract concepts into clearly defined and made into intermeasurable observations.
> Clearly define how to measure symptom severity and whether or not it can be diagnosed w a disorder/ to what point does it impact everyday functioning

Eg. GAF scale/ Global Assessment of Functioning

Question 25

Studies for V

Answer 25

Kim Cohen (2005)
Hoffman-alc dependency
Lee (2006)-ADHD and children in SK
Jansen- DSM v ICD