5.1.2 DSM/ICD R+V Flashcards
Define ‘reliability’ in terms of diagnosing a mental disorder.
How consistent the ability to diagnose correctly is when using the DSM and ICD.
List the 2 different types of reliability.
1) Inter-rater
2) Test-retest
Define ‘inter-rater reliability’ in terms of diagnosing a mental disorder.
The consistency of multiple clinicians agreeing on the diagnosis of a patient using the same diagnostic tool.
Define ‘test-retest reliability’ in terms of diagnosing a mental disorder.
Whether the diagnosis of a patient is consistent when being re-diagnosed at a later date.
Give 3 examples of studies testing the reliability of the DSM and/or the ICD.
1) Beck et al (1961)
2) Goldstein (1988)
3) Cheniaux (2009)
What did Beck et al (1961) find in terms of the reliability of the DSM and ICD?
He found 54% inter-rater reliability between 2 psychiatrists for 154 patients.
What did Goldstein (1988) find in terms of the reliability of the DSM-II and DSM-III?
He tested the reliability of the DSM-III against the DSM-II when re-diagnosing patients with Sz (169/199 were successfully re-diagnosed).
What did Cheniaux (2009) find in terms of the reliability of the DSM-III and ICD-10?
Compared the diagnosis between DSM-IV and the ICD-10 of Sz, depression, etc. Found that Sz was more frequently diagnosed using the ICD-10.
Define ‘validity’ in terms of diagnosing a mental disorder.
How accurate and correct the DSM and ICD are at diagnosing a mental disorder.
List the 5 different types of validity.
1) Predictive
2) Construct
3) Concurrent
4) Etiological
5) Convergent
Define ‘predictive validity’ in terms of diagnosing a mental disorder.
The accuracy of a prediction made when diagnosing a mental disorder which is tested at a later date.
Eg. If individual has Sz, disorder will get worse over time w/o meds
Define ‘construct validity’ in terms of diagnosing a mental disorder.
How accurate the criteria for diagnosis of a mental disorder is.
Define ‘concurrent validity’ in terms of diagnosing a mental disorder.
When results of a study testing the DSM against the ICD matches another done at the same time. To what extent does one tool agree with another tool/measure
eg. DSM v ICD, if both diagnose for depression then has high concurrent V
Define ‘aetiological validity’ in terms of diagnosing a mental disorder.
This is established by examining what is known about the causes of the disorder and matching them to the person’s history, seeing if there’s unknown medical causes such as physical (undiagnosed) which results in the symptoms that were believed to be a mental disorder.
Eg. AN- could have physical factor impacting their mental state eg clinicial looking at history of weight loss changes, anaemia
Define ‘convergent/ descriptive validity’ in terms of diagnosing a mental disorder.
When two measures of the same diagnosis agree with each other using a test of correlation.
The extent to which 2 patients exhibit similar symptoms with the same diagnosis Eg Sz, a group may all experience negative symptoms then develop positive, high descriptive V
Give 3 examples of studies testing the validity of the DSM and/or the ICD.
1) Sanchez-Villages et al (2008)
2) Allardyce et al (2007)
3) Jakobsen et al (2005)
What did Sanchez-Villages et al (2008) find in terms of the validity of the DSM?
62 ‘depressed’ patients + 42 ‘non-depr’ patients rediagnosed, found that of 68% of 62 were diangnosed depr again, and 81% of 42 were confirmed of NOT having depr- high predictive V
What did Allardyce et al (2007) suggest in terms of the validity of the DSM and ICD?
Some symptoms of Sz common amongst gen pop, he questioned construct of the criteria used to diagnose mental disorder
What did Jakobsen et al (2005) find in terms of the validity of the ICD-10?
Found in Danish (in)patie nts w Sz + sample of (out)patients w history of psychosis, 87% predictive value when making correct diagnosis using IDC-10
Give 2 examples of studies testing the reliability AND validity of the DSM and/or the ICD.
1) Rosenhan
2) Cooper (1972)
What did Rosenhan find in terms of the reliability AND validity of the DSM-III?
Reliability
- Pseudos consistenly diagnosed SZ
Validity
- DSM-III can’t recognise fake paitients against real, no accuracy in correct diagnosis
What did Cooper (1972) find in terms of reliability AND validity of the DSM?
Reliability
- USA diagnosed mainly Sz and UK diagnosed mainly depr for 154 patients
Validity
- Diff cultures diagnosisng differently questions accuracy of diagnostic tools
List 3 examples of general evaluation points.
1) Clinician’s training
2) Differing cultures
3) Patient disclosure
Operationalised & measurable- Validity
Turning abstract concepts into clearly defined and made into intermeasurable observations.
> Clearly define how to measure symptom severity and whether or not it can be diagnosed w a disorder/ to what point does it impact everyday functioning
Eg. GAF scale/ Global Assessment of Functioning
Studies for V
Kim Cohen (2005)
Hoffman-alc dependency
Lee (2006)-ADHD and children in SK
Jansen- DSM v ICD
