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511 Final > 511 final important* > Flashcards

511 final important* Flashcards

1
Q

Where does CSF fluid stay?

A

B/w arachnoid mater and pia mater

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2
Q

Which curvatures of the vertebral column are classified as secondary curvatures?

A

Cervical and lumbar curvatures

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3
Q

What ligaments prevent excessive rotation of the head?

A

Alar ligaments

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4
Q

What may a rupture of the transverse ligament of the transverse ligament of the atlas cause a more severe neurological clinical implication than a fracture of the dens?

A

When a rupture of the transverse ligament occurs, the posterior arch of the C1 can compress the spinal cord against the dens. When a fracture of the dens occurs, the dens are set free and would move along w/ the posterior arch of C1 and the spinal cord.

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5
Q

*Where does the vertebral a. enter the transverse foramen of the transverse process?

A

C6

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6
Q

*What thoracic vertebrae are classified as typical vertebra?

A

T2-T10

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7
Q

*What cervical vertebrae are considered typical?

A

C3-C6

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8
Q

*What movements occur at the costovertebral joints (ribs)?

A

-Rotation around longitudinal axis in UPPER ribs

-Ascends and descends relative to vertebral column in LOWER ribs

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9
Q

*What ligaments stabilize the costotransverse joins?

A

The costotransverse ligaments (medial, lateral and superior)

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10
Q

What do the external & internal (skull) carotid arteries supply?

A

Supplies most of the structures of the head and neck

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11
Q

What does the internal jugular vein arteries receive blood from?

A

Receives blood from all structures of head and neck

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12
Q

Which nerves in the anterior neck are motor AND sensory nerves?

A

Glossopharyngeal and Vagus N.

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13
Q

Which nerves in the anterior neck are ONLY motor AND sensory nerves

A

Accessory and Hypoglossal n.

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14
Q

What structures run w/ the Internal jugular vein?

A

Common carotid and vagus nerve

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15
Q

Superficial muscle of the back

A

Traps, lats, rhomboids and levator scapulae

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16
Q

Define spondolisthesis and its classifications

A

-DISLOCATION of one of the lower vertebrae in relation to vertebrae under it.

-The angle in b/w the superior inferior articular processes

-L-S1 does NOT move

-Classifications: Grade I (25%), Grade II (25-50%), Grade III (50-75%), Grade IV (75-100%)

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17
Q

Structures suspended from the abdominal wall

A

Intraperitoneal structures

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18
Q

3 main functions of abdominal wall?

A

Protection, breathing and intra-abdominal pressure

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19
Q

Which organs are intraperitoneal?

A

SALTD SPRSS
Stomach, Appendix, Liver, Transverse colon
Small intestine, Pancreas, Rectum, Spleen, Sigmoid colon

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20
Q

Which organs are retroperitoneal?

A

SAD PUCKER
Suprarenal glands, Aorta and IVC, Duodenum (2/3/4)
Pancreas, Ureters, Colon, Kidneys, Esophagus, Rectum

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21
Q

Regions from 9 region organizational pattern

A

Hector F’s Gertude Every Unceasing Pump

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22
Q

List all the abdominal anterolateral layers from the outmost (include flat muscles)

A

Skin, camper’s fascia, scarpa’s fascia, external oblique, internal oblique, transverse abdominis, transversalis fascia, extraperitoneal fascia, parietal peritoneum

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23
Q

Subdivisions of peritoneal cavity?

A

Greater sac & omental bursa/lesser sac

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24
Q

Where is the sigmoid colon located in the 9 region organizational pattern?

A

Pubic region

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25
Q

What are the names of the ligaments that make the lesser omentum?

A

Hepatoduodenal ligament & hepatogastric ligament

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26
Q

What 2 structures also enter the abdominal cavity w/ the esophagus?

A

Anterior and posterior vagus trunk

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27
Q

What muscle has an attachment to the dura mater?

A

Rectus capitis posterior minor

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28
Q

When does the subclavian a. become the axillary a.?

A

Rib 1

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29
Q

Lesser occipital n.

A

Innervates skin of neck & scalp (posterior to ear)

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30
Q

Great auricular n.

A

Innervates skin of parotid region, ears and mastoid area

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31
Q

What makes thoracic vertebrae special?

A

-Angle of thoracic articular facets
-Coastal facets (for the articulations of the ribs)

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32
Q

What are the atypical thoracic vertebrae? (SELFISH)

A

T1, T11, T12
(They are selfish because they want to articulate w/ a WHOLE rib by themself)

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33
Q

What makes atypical thoracic vertebrae?

A

-T11+T12 only have single “FULL” costal facet
Neck of R11+12 don’t form articulations w/ corresponding transverse processes

-T1 has a “full” and “partial” costal facet

All articulate w/ corresponding ribs

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34
Q

T11 + T12 do not have?

A

T11 + T12 DO NOT have costovertebral transverse joints

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35
Q

What makes lumbar vertebrae unique?

A

-Vertical facets
-SUPERIOR facets directed posteromedially
-INFERIOR facets directed anterolaterally
-Mammillary process

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36
Q

What and where is Pars Interarticularis (Spondolythesis)
L5-S1

A

A region of the lamina located between the facet joints

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37
Q

Atypical lumbar vertebrae?

A

L5 (Body is taller anteriorly “Lumbosacral angle”)

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38
Q

What ligament limits extension of lumbar?

A

Anterior longitudinal ligament (strongest thickest ligament)

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39
Q

What ligament limits spinal flexion?

A

Posterior longitudinal ligament

40
Q

What is the Ligamentum Flava?

A

-Keeps you upright
-Also limits extension

41
Q

What does the Supraspinous ligament limit?

A

Forward flexion

42
Q

Skeletal elements of the “Bony Wall”?

A

-Lumbar vertebrae
-Pelvic bones
-Inferior thoracic wall (Costal margin, R12, end of R11, xiphoid process

43
Q

“Muscular wall”

A

-Anterior: Rectus abdominis
-Lateral: External/internal oblique & TA
-Posterior: QL, Illiacus & Psoas major

44
Q

What does the mesentary do?

A

Attaches the organs to the wall of the abdomen

45
Q

Abdomen communicates directly w/ thigh through what?

A

Through an aperture formed anteriorly b/w inferior margin of abdominal wall MARKED BY THE INGUINAL LIGAMENT & PELVIC BONE

46
Q

What structures pass through the abdomen-thigh apeture?

A

-External iliac a & v (later changes to femoral a & v)
-Femoral n.
-Lymphatics
-Psoas major & iliacus muscles

47
Q

What is an inguinal hernia?

A

Is the protrusion or passage of the peritoneal sac through a weakened part of the abdominal wall in the groin

48
Q

What does the GREATER omentum attach to?

A

GREATER curvature of stomach & first part of duodenum & transverse colon
(Has a. and v,)

49
Q

What does the LESSER omentum attach to?

A

-DUOdenum & liver (HepatoDUOdenal ligament)

50
Q

Where are the 3 points where the ureters are constricted (kidney stones)?

A

-1st point is at the ureteropelvic junction
-2nd point is pelvic inlet
-3rd point is where the ureters ENTER the wall of the bladder

51
Q

Which kidney is more superior?

A

L. kidney

52
Q

*What is the male urethra divided into?

A

-Preprostatic
-Prostatic
-Membranous
-Spongy parts

53
Q

What are the bones of the Posterior Abdominal Wall?

A

-Lumbar vertebrae
-Sacrum (upper margin)
-Pelvic bones (medial side of each ilium)
-Ribs (11&12)

54
Q

Why is the QL important?

A

-Important for respiration: attach to floating Rib 12
(Allows diaphragm to move rib w/o moving too much)

55
Q

What ligament connects the L and R crus?

A

Median arcuate ligament

56
Q

What are the boundaries of the superior thoracic aperture?

A

Vertebra T1, rib 1 & manubrium

57
Q

What are the boundaries of the inferior thoracic aperture?

A

Vertebra T12, rib 12, end of rib 11, costal margin & xiphoid process of sternum

58
Q

Where is the superior thoracic aperture? And what is important to know about it?

A

-Everything in b/w rib 1 is the thoracic aperture

-There isn’t a lot of space, so impingement can easily happen

59
Q

Which ribs are false ribs? Why?

A

Ribs 8-12 (INdirectly articulates w/ sternum through costal cartilage)

60
Q

Which ribs are atypical ribs and why?

A

-Ribs 1/2 & 10-12

-Rib 1=Groove for subclavian vessels and only 1 articular facet in the head (T1 vertebra))
-Rib 2=Flat & tuberosity for SA
-Ribs 10-12=Only 1 articular facet on head
-Ribs 11/12=no tubercles and no articulation w/ sterum

61
Q

Why does only rib 1 have a fibrocartilaginous joint?

A

To prevent compression of all the structures that are passing through (YOU DO NOT WANT RIB 1 TO MOVE)

62
Q

Which ribs are not synovial joints?

A

Manubrium and Rib 1

63
Q

Function of external intercostal muscle?

A

Inspiration, moves ribs superiorly and supports intercostal space

64
Q

Function of internal intercostal muscle?

A

Expiration, moves ribs inferiorly and supports intercostal space

65
Q

Are Intercostal nerves motor or sensory?

A

Both; motor innervation to muscles in the intercostal space and sensory innervation to parietal pleura and overlying skin

66
Q

What can the visceral detect and not detect?

A

-Can detect (sensory fibers only) detect stretch.

-Can’t detect pain, temperature, or pressure.

67
Q

**Most clinically important recess?

A

Costodiaphragmatic recess (Most fluid here)
-Ribs 8-10

68
Q

What vessels supply blood to lungs?

A

Bronchial vessels

69
Q

Which lung is bigger?

A

R lung

70
Q

Which primary bronchus is more vertical and bigger?

A

R primary bronchus (This is why food gets stuck on R side)

71
Q

What is a part of the cardiac conduction system?

A

-SA node
-AV node
-Bundle of His
-Purkinje fibers

72
Q

Where is the hepatorenal recesses located?

A

Is located on the right side between the liver and the right kidney

73
Q

Which of the following ligaments prevent excessive rotation of the head?

A

Alar ligament

74
Q

Select the correct statement about the subclavian artery.

A

It emerges between the anterior and middle scalene muscles

75
Q

Posterior sacro-iliac ligament located?

A

See picture

76
Q

T/F: The left kidney is located slightly superior in comparison to the right kidney

A

True

77
Q

What muscle overlaps with the renal hilum on the posterior abdominal wall?

A

Psoas major (most medial)

78
Q

T/F: Ribs 11 and 12 articulate only with their own vertebrae and have no tubercles.

A

True (They’re selfish)

79
Q

T/F: The tricuspid valve is also known as the mitral valve.

A

False

80
Q

Where do the Purkinje fibers are ramifications that directly root from?

A

Left and right bundles

81
Q

T/F: The spleen is located superior to the right kidney and adrenal gland

A

False (Spleen is inferior)

82
Q

T/F: The right common carotid artery branches from the arch of the aorta

A

False: R side has brachiocephalic trunk off the aorta

83
Q

The psoas major muscle passes from the abdominal cavity to the thigh through:

A

The aperture between the pubic bone and inguinal ligament

84
Q

What structure emerges into the abdominal cavity passing through the right crus of the diaphragm?

A

Esophagus

85
Q

T/F: The right crus of the diaphragm is longer than the left crus

A

T/F: The right crus of the diaphragm is longer than the left crus

86
Q

Blood supply to the diaphragm occurs directly through the following arteries EXCEPT:

A

Gonadal

87
Q

Which of the following is the primary innervation of the diaphragm?

A

Phrenic nerve

88
Q

What nerve does the Recurrent Laryngeal n. branch from?

A

Vagus n.

89
Q

What is the Recurrent Laryngeal n. important for?

A

Speech! (vocal cords/larynx)

90
Q

What is special about the pleural parietal?

A

It is sensitive to pain

91
Q

What structures pass through rib 1?

A

Subclavian a+v and brachial plexus

92
Q

What vein does the azygos drain deoxygenated blood to?

A

Superior vena cava

93
Q

What do the external intercostal muscles do?

A

Expands rib cage; inspiration

94
Q

Where do the posterior intercostal go from and to?

A

Aorta to ribs and ends at costal cartilage

95
Q

Where do the anterior intercostal go from and to?

A

travels posteriorly along bone; longer to wrap

96
Q

What are the layers of the kidney

A

-Renal fascia
-Renal capsule
-Renal cortex
-Renal pelvis

511 Final (2 decks)

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