5.1.1 - Communication and Homeostasis Flashcards
What is homeostasis?
The maintenance of a constant internal environment via physiological control systems
Why do animals and plants need communication systems?
So any response to an internal or external change in environment is coordinated including the activities of different organs
What must a good communication system be able to do?
- Cover the whole body
- Enable cell to cell communication
- Be specific and rapid
- Give short term or long term responses
Which 2 communication systems work by cell signalling?
Neuronal system and hormonal system
What are the differences between the neuronal system and the hormonal system?
- Neuronal system uses nerve impulses and hormonal system uses hormones
- Neuronal system is electrical whereas hormonal system is chemical
- Neuronal system is transmitted via neurones and hormonal system is transmitted via the bloodstream
- Neuronal system is very rapid whereas the hormonal system is slow
- Neuronal system travels to specific glands or muscles in the body and the hormonal system travels all over the body but only cells in target tissues or organs respond
- Neuronal system has a localised effect whereas hormonal system has a widespread effect
- Neuronal system effect is short term and temporary whereas hormonal system effect is short term and temporary or long term and permanent
What is a receptor?
A specialised cell to detect a stimulus
What is an effector?
Usually a gland or a muscle to respond to a stimulus
What is negative feedback?
Where a change from the set level will cause the body or cell to correct that change to bring it back to the normal value
What are examples of negative feedback loops?
- Blood glucose concentration
- Body temperature
What is positive feedback?
Where a change from the set level causes the change to increase further from the set level
What are examples of positive feedback loops?
- Production of breast milk
- Contractions of uterine muscles during labour
- Generation of an action potential
Why is thermoregulation needed?
- If body temperature drops too low there would be insufficient kinetic energy for enzyme controlled reactions
- If body temperature is too high enzymes would denature
What are physiological responses?
Automatic changes in the body
What are 3 examples of physiological responses for thermoregulation?
- Sweating
- Panting
- Shivering
What are behavioural reponses?
Usually involve the whole organism
What are 2 examples of behavioural responses for thermoregulation?
- Moving into the sun
- Moving into the shade
What are ectotherms?
They have a body temperature which tends to fluctuate with the external environment and they cannot regulate their internal temperature so they rely on external sources to keep warm or cool.
What behavioural responses do ectotherms carry out to maintain a suitable body temperature?
- Basking in the sun or moving into the shade
- Change body orientation to the sun
What physiological responses do ectotherms carry out to maintain a suitable body temperature?
- Alter body shape to increase or decrease surface area
- Change breathing rate
What are endotherms?
They maintain a core body temperature within very strict limits, largely independent of the external environment, through both physiological and behavioural responses
How is internal temperature monitored and controlled by endotherms?
By the hypothalamus in the brain through a negative feedback system
How is external temperature detected by endotherms?
By peripheral temperature receptors in the skin
What happens once a change in temperature has been detected?
The hypothalamus sends nerve impulses to effectors in the skin and muscles to bring about responses to lower or raise body temperature
What are the physiological changes to reduce body temperature?
- Sweat glands secrete more sweat which evaporates and cools body by transferring heat energy to surroundings
- Arteriole vasodilation causes more blood to flow in skin capillaries so more heat is transferred through radiation
- Hair lies flat providing little insulation
What are the physiological changes to increase body temperature?
- Sweat glands secrete less sweat so less heat is transferred from blood to surroundings
- Arteriole vasoconstriction causes less blood to flow in skin capillaries so less heat is transferred through radiation
- Hair is raised to trap an insulating layer of hair
- Shivering which increases the rate of respiration so more heat energy is released