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Embryology (AJ) > 510-3 > Flashcards

510-3 Flashcards

1
Q

In which two directions does an embryo fold?

A

Cephalocaudally and laterally

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2
Q

What are the three components of the embryonic pharynx?

A

Pharyngeal arches, clefts, and pouches

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3
Q

Instead of “PHARYNGEAL arches”, you might hear:

A

“BRANCHIAL Arches”

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4
Q

The gastrointestinal tract of an embryo is lined by _________ .

A

Endoderm

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5
Q

Pharyngeal arches are separated from each other by _____ ______ ______ and _____ _____ _____. Each pharyngeal arch develops its own ______ , _______ , ______ , and ______ elements of the head and neck.

A

internal pharyngeal pouches, external pharyngeal clefts, artery, nerve, muscle, skeletal

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6
Q

Pharyngeal CLEFTS are also called:

A

Pharyngeal GROOVES

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7
Q

What is the name of the structure containing the hollow developing brain? It is also continuous with the _____ _____ _____ ____.

A

The Frontal Prominence (FP). It is continuous with the Dorsal Hollow Nerve Cord (DHNC).

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8
Q

Mesenchyme is composed of these two things:

A

mesoderm and neural crest cells

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9
Q

Name the three example signaling molecules responsible for guiding Neural Crest Cells into the pharyngeal arches.

A

Sonic hedge hog (Shh), Bone morphogenic proteins (Bmp), and Fibroblast growth factors (Fgf). Side note: Each of the pouches gets a population of neural crest cells

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10
Q

How do migrating neural crest cells regulate differentiation of different head and neck tissues?

A

By establishing regional growth factors gradients that are regulated temporally and spatially by expression of Hox genes.

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11
Q

Main derivatives of the First Arch:

A

Mandible, Maxilla, Meckel’s Cartilage

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12
Q

Meckel’s Cartilage is responsible for setting up the development of:

A

Mandible, Malleus, Incus, Stapes

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13
Q

Main derivatives of the Second Arch:

A
  1. Reichert’s Cartilage
    a. styloid process of temporal bone
    b. stylohyoid ligament
    c. lesser horns of the hyoid bone
    d. upper part of the body of the hyoid bone
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14
Q

Main derivatives of the Third Arch:

A
  1. lower part of the body of the hyoid bone

2. greater horns of the hyoid bone

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15
Q

Main derivatives of the Fourth Arch:

A

Cartilages of the larynx

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16
Q

Main derivatives of the First Groove:

A

External Auditory Meatus

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17
Q

Main derivatives of the First Pouch:

A

tympanic membrane, tympanic cavity, mastoid antrum, eustachian tube

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18
Q

Main derivatives of the Second Pouch:

A

Contributes to tonsil

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19
Q

Main derivatives of the Third Pouch:

A

inferior parathyroid gland, thymus

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20
Q

Main derivatives of the Fourth Pouch:

A

superior parathyroid gland, ultimobranchial body

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21
Q

Some derivatives of the Neural Crest:

A

CT and bones of the face and skull, C cells of the thyroid gland, Odontoblasts, Dermis of the face and neck, schwann cells, glial cells, melanocytes, smooth muscles to blood vessels of the face and brain

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22
Q

What connects the ectoderm to the endoderm in the stomodeum that prevents the growth of mesodermal tissue in that area?

A

The Buccopharyngeal membrane

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23
Q

Pharyngeal arches are lined with:

A

Endoderm.

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24
Q

Remember that when looking at a picture, the first pharyngeal arch has both a maxillary ______ and a mandibular _________.

A

prominence, prominence

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25
Q

The name of the cartilage found in arch #2:

A

Reichert’s Cartilage

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26
Q

The name of the cartilage found in arch #1:

A

Meckel’s cartilage

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27
Q

The cartilages of the first and second pharyngeal arches are derived from ____ ____ ____. While the cartilages of the 3rd-6th arches are derived from ______ .

A

neural crest cells, mesoderm

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28
Q

Thyroid cartilage is derived from Pharyngeal Arch #___

A

4

29
Q

Cricoid cartilage is derived from Pharyngeal Arch #___

A

6

30
Q

By what process do the maxillary bones develop from?

A

Intramembranous ossification

31
Q

What does condensed mesenchyme in the maxillary process of the first arch produce?

A

The maxilla.

32
Q

What does condensed mesenchyme lateral to Meckel’s cartilage develop?

A

A part of the mandible.

33
Q

The ramus and condyle growth of the mandible takes place by which process?

A

Endochondral Ossification

34
Q

What is housed within the mandibular canal?

A

The inferior alveolar nerve

35
Q

What happens to most of the condylar cartilage of the mandible?

A

It is replaced by bone through endochondral ossification.

36
Q

What would a disruption of Neural Crest Cells cause?

A

Treacher Collins Syndrome. (Mandibulofacial dysostosis)

37
Q

Which gene is likely the cause of Treacher Collins Syndrome?

A

Treacle. It is responsible for preventing apoptosis and maintaining proliferation in neural crest cells, but NOT for regulating their migration.

38
Q

Name and number the four important cranial nerves:

A
  1. Trigeminal (assoc. with Arch #1)
  2. Facial (assoc. with Arch #2)
  3. glossopharyngeal (assoc. with Arch #3)
  4. Vagus (assoc. with Arch #4)
39
Q

Nerve 5 (Trigeminal) innervates muscles:

A

relating to mastication (ex: temporal, masseter, mylohyoid)

40
Q

Nerve 7 (Facial) innervates muscles:

A

relating to facial expression (ex: frontalis, orbicularis oris)

41
Q

Nerve 9 (glossopharyngeal) innervates muscles:

A

stylopharyngeus

42
Q

Nerve 10 (vagus) innervates muscles:

A

Cricothyroid, levator, intrinsic muscles of larynx

43
Q

Arch 1 mesoderm develops into the muscles of ______.

A

mastication.

44
Q

Arch 2 mesoderm develops into the muscles of ______.

A

facial expression

45
Q

Arch 3 and Arch 4 mesoderm develops into ______.

A

strap muscles of neck

46
Q

What do the second, third, and fourth clefts fuse to temporarily form that eventually disappears?

A

The cervical sinus.

47
Q

What is the ultimobranchial body responsible for?

A

It comes from the 4th pouch and is incorporated into the thyroid gland. It gives rise to the parafollicular, or C-cells of the thyroid gland that secrete the hormone calcitonin (regulates blood calcium levels).

48
Q

These types of cysts are formed on the lateral side of the sternocleidomastoid muscle:

A

Lateral Cervical Cysts. Typically are not dangerous and formed from the cervical sinus.

49
Q

These types of cysts will always form on the midline:

A

Thyroglossal Cyst. Formed by oral ectoderm tissue along the migration pathway from the foramen cecum towards the larynx/trachea.

50
Q

Name the five prominences that make up the face:

A

Frontonasal (no pair), maxillary (pair), medial nasal (pair), lateral nasal (pair), mandibular (pair)

51
Q

What is the name of the flat areas that appear on the frontonasal prominence that will eventually become the nose?

A

Nasal placodes

52
Q

The nasal ______ invaginate to form nasal ____ and are surrounded by elevated ridges called the medial and lateral _____ _______.

A

placodes, pits, nasal prominences

53
Q

Fusion of which prominences form the upper lip?

A

The two medial nasal prominences and the two maxillary prominences

54
Q

Fusion of which prominences form the lower lip and jaw?

A

The mandibular prominences

55
Q

Which is more difficult and more commonly leads to error? Fusion of the mandibular processes or fusion of the maxillary/palatal processes?

A

Fusion of the palatal processes

56
Q

Medial growth of the two maxillary prominences compresses the medial nasal prominences into the intermaxillary segment. This forms the:

A
  1. philtrum of the upper lip
  2. the part of the maxilla that holds the 4 upper incisors
  3. the triangular primary palate
57
Q

The main part of the palate develops from the palatine shelves which then fuse to create the _____.

A

secondary palate

58
Q

The _____ ______ is at the midline junction where the primary palate joins the fused palatal shelves.

A

incisive foramen or incisive fossa

59
Q

Is cleft lip more common in males or females?

A

Males

60
Q

Is cleft palate more common in males or females?

A

Females

61
Q

Is cleft palate heritable?

A

Yes, to a small degree

62
Q

Can certain teratogens increase the risk of having a baby born with a cleft palate?

A

Yes

63
Q

Can a baby be born with cleft lip and not a cleft palate?

A

Yes

64
Q

Can a baby be born with a cleft palate and not a cleft lip?

A

You betcha

65
Q

What does the body of the tongue develop from?

A

Fusion of the lateral lingual swellings and the tuberculum impar of the 1st Arch.

66
Q

What does the root of the tongue develop from?

A

The copula of the 3rd Arch.

67
Q

What does the epiglottis develop from?

A

The epiglottal swelling of the 4th Arch.

68
Q

Name the two defects that can occur with formation of the tongue:

A

Bifid tongue, which is basically an incomplete fusion down the middle. Ankyloglossia (tongue-tie) in which the frenulum may still be connected in the wrong place due to a problem with apoptosis.

Embryology (AJ) (2 decks)

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