5.1. Animal-Like Protists

Question 1

most protists are multicellular, and all are eukaryotic. True or false?

Answer 1

False. unicellular

Question 2

Protists are more nutritionally diverse. True or false?

Answer 2

TRUE

Question 3

All protists can undergo ____ reproduction by mitosis (generally by ____), yet many are able to undergo sexual reproduction through a combination of meiosis and ___

Answer 3

asexual; simple fission; nuclear exchange

Question 4

protists also can form _____that allow them to lie dormant for long periods of time

Answer 4

cysts

Question 5

Protists are most certainly ___ ,meaning all modern protists do not share the most recent common ancestor

Answer 5

polyphyletic

Question 6

Euglenozoa: Euglenoids & ______;
Alveolata: Dinoflagellates, _____ & Ciliates;
_____: Amoebas & Choanoflagellates

Answer 6

Kinetoplastids
Apicomplexans
Unikonta

Question 7

____are unicellular, motile flagellates that reproduce asexually by binary fission and possess flexible cell membranes.

Answer 7

Euglenozoans

Question 8

characteristic feature of _____ is an anterior pocket that bears one or two flagella extending from the reservoir in the anterior end of the organism
Near the base of the primary flagellum is a pigmented ____ that serves as a photoreceptor,

Answer 8

euglenoids;

eyespot

Question 9

unicellular, parasitic flagellates characterized by a single, large mitochondrion containing a kinetoplast.

Answer 9

Kinetoplastids

Question 10

a unique organelle that houses extra nuclear DNA;

characteristic feature of Kinetoplastids

Answer 10

kinetoplast

Question 11

monophyletic clade of protists (a superphylum within the Chromalveolata)

Answer 11

Alveolata

Question 12

What are the three Sub-phyla of Aveolata?

Answer 12

Dinoflagellates, Apicomplexans & Ciliates

Question 13

• among the most important primary photosynthetic producers of organic matter in the oceans.
• mostly marine, unicellular autotrophs
• two perpendicular grooves
• internal cellulose plates.
• primary photosynthetic pigment is chlorophyll C.
• often cause red tides

Answer 13

Dinoflagellates(Phylum Dinoflagellata)

Question 14

• are unicellular parasites characterized by an apical complex of organelles
• nonmotile, they are highly specialized for their parasitic lifestyle.

Answer 14

Apicomplexans(Phylum Apicomplexa)

Question 15

Apicomplexans(Phylum Apicomplexa) are also known as ___

Answer 15

sporozoans

Question 16

• unicellular heterotrophs that possess cilia for locomotion and feeding
• have two types of nuclei (______)
• completely covered by cilia (____)
• cilia are clustered into a few rows along the body (_____)
• Using their micronuclei, ciliates undergo an elaborate process of sexual gene shuffling called _____—a process we will examine more closely in Paramecium.

Answer 16

Ciliates (Phylum Ciliophora)
micro and macro
Paramecium
Vorticella
conjugation

Question 17

In paramecium:
Asexual reproduction is through ____, while
Sexual reproduction is _____

Answer 17

Binary fission

conjugation

Question 18

(Paramecium)
During this asexual process the micronucleus divides by mitosis, while the macronucleus and remainder of the original cell simply
split in half to produce two genetically identical
daughter cells.

Answer 18

Binary fission

Question 19

(paramecium)

two individuals align longitudinally and attach temporarily. The micronuclei in each cell
undergo meiosis, creating four haploid micronuclei per parent micronucleus(ciliates often have more than one micronucleus).

Answer 19

Conjugation

Question 20

-a sessile, stalked ciliate commonly found in stagnant bodies of freshwater remains attached to aquatic vegetation by a contractile stalk and possesses a funnel shaped cell body with a ring of cilia around the larger peristome (open end)

Answer 20

Vorticella

Question 21

_____
This group of eukaryotes includes many specialized protists
Animals, fungi, and a few protist groups are collectively grouped together as ____

Answer 21

Unikonta; Opisthokonts

Question 22

• unicellular heterotrophs that lack cell walls.
• highly specialized protists
• have flexible plasma membranes that form _____—cytoplasmic extensions used for feeding and locomotion.
• lack the ability to reproduce sexually, and instead, reproduce by ___

Answer 22

Amoebas; pseudopodia; binary fission

Question 23

_______is one of many species of protists that can form a cyst by secreting a proteinaceous cell wall around itself and entering a state of ____. In the ____ stage, amoebas can survive prolonged periods of dryness and can even be dispersed by wind.

Answer 23

Entamoeba histolytica; dormancy; cyst

Question 24

Amoebas engulf their food by a process called ____ in which extensions of the plasma membrane (pseudopodia) elongate and surround the food item.

Answer 24

phagocytosis

Question 25

One lineage of protists in the supergroup Unikonta occupies a very special position in the evolutionary tree of life are sessile, aquatic organisms (either solitary or colonial) with each cell bearing a single flagellum surrounded by a thin collar

Answer 25

Choanoflagellates

Question 26

most likely ancestor of sponges

Answer 26

choanoflagellates

Question 27

The ____ derive their group name from the “excavated" feeding groove that runs along one side of the cytoskeleton of the cell body.

Answer 27

Excavata

Question 28

(Paramecium anatomy) -stiff outer covering that maintains basic cellular shape

Answer 28

pellicle

Question 29

(Paramecium anatomy) hairlike projections used for locomotion and feeding

Answer 29

cilia

Question 30

(Paramecium anatomy) organelle containing many copies of a few genes; primarily controls metabolic processes of cell

Answer 30

macronucleus

Question 31

(Paramecium anatomy) typical eukaryotic nucleus containing entire genome; essential for genetic recombination

Answer 31

micronucleus

Question 32

(Paramecium anatomy) lateral depression into which food is swept by ciliary currents

Answer 32

oral groove

Question 33

(Paramecium anatomy) tubular invagination lined with cilia where food enters and food vacuoles form

Answer 33

cytopharynx

Question 34

(Paramecium anatomy) small, spherical organelle containing enzymes to digest food

Answer 34

food vacuole

Question 35

(Paramecium anatomy) one or more spherical organelles that pump out water to maintain the internal osmotic balance of the cell

Answer 35

contractile vacuole

Question 36

(Paramecium anatomy) site where indigestible matter is expelled from the cell

Answer 36

anal spot (cytoproct)

Question 37

All members of this group (alveolata) of unicellular protists have small cavities under their cell surfaces called ____.

Answer 37

alveoli

Question 38

In ciliates, the alveoli produce ____ In _____, the alveoli serve a structural function in the dinoflagellates, the alveoli produce ____.

Answer 38

pellicles parasitic apicomplexans thecal plates

Question 39

Sessile protist with single flagellum surrounded by collar

Answer 39

choanoflagellate

Question 40

unicellular heterotroph that moves using pseudopodia

Answer 40

amoeba

Question 41

unicellular heterotroph with two types of nuclei

Answer 41

ciliate

Question 42

nonmotile parasite with penetrating apical region

Answer 42

apicomplexan

Question 43

flagella arise from grooves in cellulose plates

Answer 43

dinoflagellates

Question 44

unicellular parasite with one large mitochondrion

Answer 44

kinetoplastids

Question 45

flagella arise from anterior pocket

Answer 45

euglenoid