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5. animal diversity (part i) > 5.1. Animal-Like Protists > Flashcards

5.1. Animal-Like Protists Flashcards

1
Q

most protists are multicellular, and all are eukaryotic. True or false?

A

False. unicellular

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2
Q

Protists are more nutritionally diverse. True or false?

A

TRUE

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3
Q

All protists can undergo ____ reproduction by mitosis (generally by ____), yet many are able to undergo sexual reproduction through a combination of meiosis and ___

A

asexual; simple fission; nuclear exchange

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4
Q

protists also can form _____that allow them to lie dormant for long periods of time

A

cysts

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5
Q

Protists are most certainly ___ ,meaning all modern protists do not share the most recent common ancestor

A

polyphyletic

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6
Q

Euglenozoa: Euglenoids & ______;
Alveolata: Dinoflagellates, _____ & Ciliates;
_____: Amoebas & Choanoflagellates

A

Kinetoplastids
Apicomplexans
Unikonta

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7
Q

____are unicellular, motile flagellates that reproduce asexually by binary fission and possess flexible cell membranes.

A

Euglenozoans

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8
Q

characteristic feature of _____ is an anterior pocket that bears one or two flagella extending from the reservoir in the anterior end of the organism
Near the base of the primary flagellum is a pigmented ____ that serves as a photoreceptor,

A

euglenoids;

eyespot

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9
Q

unicellular, parasitic flagellates characterized by a single, large mitochondrion containing a kinetoplast.

A

Kinetoplastids

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10
Q

a unique organelle that houses extra nuclear DNA;

characteristic feature of Kinetoplastids

A

kinetoplast

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11
Q

monophyletic clade of protists (a superphylum within the Chromalveolata)

A

Alveolata

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12
Q

What are the three Sub-phyla of Aveolata?

A

Dinoflagellates, Apicomplexans & Ciliates

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13
Q
  • among the most important primary photosynthetic producers of organic matter in the oceans.
  • mostly marine, unicellular autotrophs
  • two perpendicular grooves
  • internal cellulose plates.
  • primary photosynthetic pigment is chlorophyll C.
  • often cause red tides
A

Dinoflagellates(Phylum Dinoflagellata)

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14
Q
  • are unicellular parasites characterized by an apical complex of organelles
  • nonmotile, they are highly specialized for their parasitic lifestyle.
A

Apicomplexans(Phylum Apicomplexa)

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15
Q

Apicomplexans(Phylum Apicomplexa) are also known as ___

A

sporozoans

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16
Q
  • unicellular heterotrophs that possess cilia for locomotion and feeding
  • have two types of nuclei (______)
  • completely covered by cilia (____)
  • cilia are clustered into a few rows along the body (_____)
  • Using their micronuclei, ciliates undergo an elaborate process of sexual gene shuffling called _____—a process we will examine more closely in Paramecium.
A 
Ciliates (Phylum Ciliophora)
micro and macro
Paramecium
Vorticella
conjugation
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17
Q

In paramecium:
Asexual reproduction is through ____, while
Sexual reproduction is _____

A

Binary fission

conjugation

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18
Q

(Paramecium)
During this asexual process the micronucleus divides by mitosis, while the macronucleus and remainder of the original cell simply
split in half to produce two genetically identical
daughter cells.

A

Binary fission

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19
Q

(paramecium)

two individuals align longitudinally and attach temporarily. The micronuclei in each cell
undergo meiosis, creating four haploid micronuclei per parent micronucleus(ciliates often have more than one micronucleus).

A

Conjugation

20
Q

-a sessile, stalked ciliate commonly found in stagnant bodies of freshwater remains attached to aquatic vegetation by a contractile stalk and possesses a funnel shaped cell body with a ring of cilia around the larger peristome (open end)

A

Vorticella

21
Q

_____
This group of eukaryotes includes many specialized protists
Animals, fungi, and a few protist groups are collectively grouped together as ____

A

Unikonta; Opisthokonts

22
Q
  • unicellular heterotrophs that lack cell walls.
  • highly specialized protists
  • have flexible plasma membranes that form _____—cytoplasmic extensions used for feeding and locomotion.
  • lack the ability to reproduce sexually, and instead, reproduce by ___
A

Amoebas; pseudopodia; binary fission

23
Q

_______is one of many species of protists that can form a cyst by secreting a proteinaceous cell wall around itself and entering a state of ____. In the ____ stage, amoebas can survive prolonged periods of dryness and can even be dispersed by wind.

A

Entamoeba histolytica; dormancy; cyst

24
Q

Amoebas engulf their food by a process called ____ in which extensions of the plasma membrane (pseudopodia) elongate and surround the food item.

A

phagocytosis

25
Q

One lineage of protists in the supergroup Unikonta occupies a very special position in the evolutionary tree of life

are sessile, aquatic organisms (either solitary or colonial) with each cell bearing a single flagellum surrounded by a thin collar

A

Choanoflagellates

26
Q

most likely ancestor of sponges

A

choanoflagellates

27
Q

The ____ derive their group name from the “excavated” feeding groove that runs along one side of the cytoskeleton of the cell body.

A

Excavata

28
Q

(Paramecium anatomy)

-stiff outer covering that maintains basic cellular shape

A

pellicle

29
Q

(Paramecium anatomy)

hairlike projections used for locomotion and feeding

A

cilia

30
Q

(Paramecium anatomy)

organelle containing many copies of a few genes; primarily controls metabolic processes of cell

A

macronucleus

31
Q

(Paramecium anatomy)

typical eukaryotic nucleus containing entire genome; essential for genetic recombination

A

micronucleus

32
Q

(Paramecium anatomy)

lateral depression into which food is swept by ciliary currents

A

oral groove

33
Q

(Paramecium anatomy)

tubular invagination lined with cilia where food enters and food vacuoles form

A

cytopharynx

34
Q

(Paramecium anatomy)

small, spherical organelle containing enzymes to digest food

A

food vacuole

35
Q

(Paramecium anatomy)

one or more spherical organelles that pump out water to maintain the internal osmotic balance of the cell

A

contractile vacuole

36
Q

(Paramecium anatomy)

site where indigestible matter is expelled from the cell

A

anal spot (cytoproct)

37
Q

All members of this group (alveolata) of unicellular protists have small cavities under their cell surfaces called ____.

A

alveoli

38
Q

In ciliates, the alveoli produce ____
In _____, the alveoli serve a structural function
in the dinoflagellates, the alveoli produce ____.

A

pellicles
parasitic apicomplexans
thecal plates

39
Q

Sessile protist with single flagellum surrounded by collar

A

choanoflagellate

40
Q

unicellular heterotroph that moves using pseudopodia

A

amoeba

41
Q

unicellular heterotroph with two types of nuclei

A

ciliate

42
Q

nonmotile parasite with penetrating apical region

A

apicomplexan

43
Q

flagella arise from grooves in cellulose plates

A

dinoflagellates

44
Q

unicellular parasite with one large mitochondrion

A

kinetoplastids

45
Q

flagella arise from anterior pocket

A

euglenoid

5. animal diversity (part i) (1 decks)

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