5.1 and 5.3 Internet + Cyber security

Question 1

Describe the internet (2)

Answer 1

huge public network of computer systems

It is the physical infastructure

Question 2

Describe the World Wide web (WWW)

Answer 2

The world wide web is the collection of websites
and web pages accessed using the internet

Question 3

https://www.britannica.com /science/ computer-science

Identify the protocol, domain name, file path, and the webpage/file name (4)

Answer 3

protocol - https

domain name - www.britannica.com

file path - science

webpage/file name - computer-science

Question 4

How does HTTP work

Answer 4

uses request codes to send and receive data and perform other various tasks.

Question 5

Purpose of HTTPS

Answer 5

secure method of sending data via the world wide web

Question 6

How does HTTPS work?

Answer 6

operates by using encryption to obscure data, using a method called TLS

TLS uses a method called asymmetric public key infrastructure and uses public key and private key to encrypt data

Question 7

Define web browser

Answer 7

software that allows users to access documents and other resources on the internet

Question 8

Function of web browsers (6)

Answer 8

Storing bookmarks and favourites

Recording user history

Allowing use of multiple tabs

Storing cookies

Providing navigation tools

Providing an address bar

Question 9

What does DNS stand for

Answer 9

Domain Name Server

Question 10

Purpose of DNS servern (2)

Answer 10

keeps a record of all of the domains in existence, and maps each of these domains to an IP address

acts as a lookup table for domain names, and replies to the request with an IP address.

Question 11

Define web server

Answer 11

A computer connected to the internet that stores and shares many files.

Question 12

How web server work? (3)

Answer 12

Once web browser obtains IP address, it sends request to web server to send the resources

The web server allows or disallows request depending on the nature of request

If allow, web server returns raw HTML to web browser.

Question 13

Define cookies

Answer 13

A small piece of data stored by the web browser.

Question 14

What are the two types of cookies (2)

Answer 14

persistent cookies

session cookies

Question 15

What is persistent cookie

Answer 15

A cookie that is stored long-term on the computer system.

Retained until it expires

Question 16

What is session cookie

Answer 16

A cookie that is deleted after closing the browser, exists in memory.

Question 17

In what situations might a cookie be used

Answer 17

saving personal details

tracking user preferences

holding items in an online shopping cart

storing login details

Question 18

8 examples of cyber threats

Answer 18

Brute force attacks

Data interception

Distributed denial service (DDoS) attacks

Hacking

Malware (virus, worm, trojan horse, spyware, adware, ransomware, pharming)

Phishing

Social engineering

Question 19

Explain brute force attacks (2)

Answer 19

Finding the password of a user by systemically trying all different combinations

Can be manual or automated

Question 20

Explain data interception (3)

Answer 20

form of stealing data by tapping into a wired or wireless connection

hacker may use technique known as “network sniffing” to pick out unecrypted messages

intercepted data is sent back to the hacker

Question 21

Explain hacking

Answer 21

general term for gaining access to a computer system without authorisation

can be automated or manual

Question 22

Distributed Denial of service attack (DDos) (2)

Answer 22

flooding a server or other target with useless traffic from multiple machines operating together, causing it to become overloaded and unavailable

often makes use of botnet (group of hi-jacked, internet connected devices) to carry out large scale attacks

Question 23

Explan social engineering (2)

Answer 23

Art of manipulating people so they give up confidential information

common types of social engineering include “phone calls”, “baiting”, “Scareware (eg: fake anti-virus that looks real)”

Question 24

Explain phishing (2)

Answer 24

online fraud technique designed to trick a user into giving away personal info

perpetrators disguise themselves by imitating an institution via email

Question 25

Explain pharming (3)

Answer 25

form of attack that redirects a user to a fake website designed to look identical to the real thing even when the user types in the genuine URL

malicious code is installed on user’s computer and so the web server redirects them to fake website

unlike phishing, user doesn’t need to take any actions for the redirect to be initiated

Question 26

Name + explain the 6 types of malware (6)

Answer 26

Viruses - programs that can replicate themselves, intending to delete or corrupt files

trojan horse - a program that appears harmless, but is in fact malicious, typically user is invited to clink on link and download a program that seems genuine, then attack gains access to user’s knowledge

worm - can spread and replicate itself without human interaction, can spread easily with lack of knowledge or awareness

ransomeware - encrypts victims files, attacker demands ransom from victim to restore access to the data, after ransom, users given decryption key

Spyware - obtains info about user’s computer by transmitting data from the victim’s hardrive (eg: passwords)

Adware - malware that automatically displays adverts to the user

Question 27

Define HTML

Answer 27

The language used to design, display, and format webpages

Question 28

What does an HTML consist of (2)

Answer 28

HTML presentation

HTML structure

Question 29

What is HTML structure

Answer 29

Part of the HTML document which is responsible for layout of the document

Question 30

What is HTML presentation

Answer 30

Part of the HTML document which is responsible for the content and style of the document

Question 31

What are the purposes of a web browser (2)

Answer 31

render hypertext markup language (HTML)

display webpages

Question 32

Define HTTP

Answer 32

protocol that is used to transfer across the internet

Question 33

Define Uniform Resource Locator (URL)

Answer 33

text - based address used in the web browser to request a resource from the WWW

Question 34

examples of HTML structure (4)

Answer 34

placement of text/image

margins

line break

padding

Question 35

examples of html presentation (5)tml

Answer 35

font colour

font size

font style

background colour

image size

Question 36

Reasons for seperating HTML presentation and structure (3)

Answer 36

Can easily change the style of webpage

Can add new content and add same style easily

can re-use presentation for other websites