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Question 1

Which of the following is the most abundant anthropogenic greenhouse gas in the
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Earth’s atmosphere?

Answer 1

CO2

Question 2

What is the radiative forcing of doubling CO2 from 280 ppm to 560 ppm?

Answer 2

4 W m^−2

Question 3

Why is water vapor (H2O) known as the secondary greenhouse agent?

Answer 3

The increase of water vapor in the atmosphere resulting from the warming by CO2 and other greenhouse gases further amplifies the warming.

Question 4

Light-colored aerosols have masked some of the greenhouse-gas warming because they

Answer 4

reflect sunlight directly and thus helps cool the climate.

Question 5

What is the implication to climate change if the overall radiative forcing of the atmo- spheric aerosols is negative?

Answer 5

The observed greenhouse-gas warming is 1◦C less than it should have
been.

Question 6

What is the expected climate forcing due to black carbon?

Answer 6

Warming because they absorb sunlight.

Question 7

What is the indirect effect of aerosols on climate?

Answer 7

Increase cloud reflectivity

Question 8

If we are to double the CO2 abundance to 560 ppm instantly today, how long would the Earth system (including oceans) take to reach an equilibrium state corresponding to the warming of 3◦C?

Answer 8

100–1,000 years due to the ocean

Question 9

59. Which of the following is the characteristic of a La Liña?

Answer 9

Cooler ocean surface in eastern Pacific near Peru ́.

Question 10

How may human activities change ENSO?

Answer 10

Create stronger trade winds that lead to more La Niña-like climate.