5.1/5.2 Flashcards
How does individual perception differ according to the cognitive/experiential domain?
(Concept of Perception & Individual Variability)
Concept of Perception
Perception involves interpreting stimuli based on personal experiences
Individual Variability
Each person perceives differently, as interpretation is unique to their experiences
How does personal perception influence behavior according to the cognitive/experiential domain?
(Personal Perception, Behavioral Impact & Self and World Relationship)
Personal Perception
Involves individual interpretation of events based on personal experience
Behavioral Impact
Behavior is significantly influenced by one’s perception of events and self-image
Self and World Relationship
One’s behavior is shaped by how they view themselves in relation to the world around them
What does the phrase “Can’t see the forest for the trees” illustrate about perceptual styles?
(Related to & Concept Illustration)
Concept Illustration
Phrase used to describe a focus on minute details rather than the overall context
Related to
Symbolizes the perceptual style known as field independence
What are the differences between field dependence and field independence in perceptual styles?
Field Dependence
People see the surroundings and details as closely linked, so they have trouble separating objects from their backgrounds. (harder to isolate details)
Field Independence
People see objects as separate from their surroundings, so they focus on specific details without being influenced by the background.
What are the characteristics of field independence in perceptual styles?
(Detail Separation, Preferred Fields, Social Orientation & Learning Environment)
Detail Separation
Able to distinguish details from their surrounding context
Preferred Fields
Commonly excels in natural sciences, math and engineering
Social Orientation
Displays autonomy with a more impersonal or detached approach towards others
Learning Environment
More effective in multimedia environments, exhibiting creativity and adeptness in pattern recognition
What are the characteristics of field dependence in perceptual styles?
(Detail Separation, Preferred Fields, Social Orientation & Learning Environment)
Context Integration
Finds it challenging to separate details from the surrounding context
Preferred Fields
Often involved in social sciences and education
Social Interaction
Prefers spending time with others and values their opinions
Learning Style
Learns more effectively when information is presented in chunks or via single media streams
–> skilled at seeing connections between elements
What is George Kelly’s Personal Construct Theory?
(Concept, Mechanism & Purpose)
Concept
People as scientists, using personal constructs to predict and interpret experiences
Mechanism
Constructs are tested and refined when predictions fail, similar to scientific hypotheses
Purpose
Psychological processes aim to anticipate events, influencing behaviors and perceptions
What are personal constructs according to George Kelly’s Personal Construct Theory?
(Definition hier mit templates, Nature & Uniqueness)
Definition
Mental templates used to interpret events, making sense of experiences by fitting events within these constructs
Nature
Constructs are bipolar, identifying events based on dichotomous traits (e.g., cold vs. warm, boring vs. interesting)
Uniqueness
Each individual’s constructs are unique
–> even similarly labeled constructs can vary significantly in meaning
How does George Kelly’s Personal Construct Theory explain anxiety?
(2 Paragraphen)
Definition of Anxiety & Psychological Impact
Anxiety arises when personal constructs fail to make sense of life events. Anxiety is linked to the inadequacy of one’s cognitive framework to interpret experiences effectively.
Cause of Anxiety
Occurs when individuals cannot understand or predict events, feeling these events are unpredictable and uncontrollable
What is the concept of “Locus of Control” as defined by Julian B. Rotter?
(Definition, Self-Efficacy Belief & Fate and Luck)
Definition
Locus of Control is a psychological concept that determines if individuals attribute outcomes to their own actions (internal locus) or to external forces (external locus)
Self-Efficacy Belief
People with an internal locus believe that their efforts impact outcomes, such as studying hard to pass any subject
Fate and Luck
Those with an external locus often feel that no matter what they do, outcomes are controlled by external factors, like luck or other forces
What does Julian B. Rotter’s concept of “Locus of Control” within his social learning theory involve?
(Theory Context, Generalized Expectancies & Internal vs External Locus of Control)
Theory Context
Rotter developed this concept while working on operant conditioning and social learning theories, including expectancy-value theory
Generalized Expectancies
Suggests behavior is influenced by the degree to which people believe they control the outcomes of their actions
Internal vs External Locus of Control
Individuals with an internal locus of control believe they can influence outcomes (e.g., getting a raise through assertiveness), whereas those with an external locus feel outcomes are controlled by external forces, leading to passivity
What is Learned Helplessness and what factors influence its development according to the concept of Personality Interpretation?
(Definition of Learned Helplessness, Spillover Factors & Cognitive Influences)
Definition of Learned Helplessness
A psychological condition where individuals believe they have no control over the outcomes of situations due to repeated exposure to uncontrollable events
Spillover Factors
Helplessness in one situation may transfer to others if the individual perceives similar uncontrollability across contexts
Cognitive Influences
People’s beliefs about their ability to control situations are shaped by past experiences and the interpretation of those experiences
What is Attributional Style and how does it reformulate the concept of Learned Helplessness?
(Definition of Attributional Style, Three Dimensions & Relation to Helplessness)
Definition of Attributional Style
A cognitive approach that involves how people typically explain the causes of events in their lives
Three Dimensions
Locus: Explanations may be internal (within oneself) or external (outside forces)
Stability: Causes can be seen as stable (unchanging) or unstable (variable)
Specificity: Causes might be global (affecting many areas of life) or specific (affecting limited areas)
Relation to Helplessness
This style helps understand how individuals perceive control over their situations, influencing feelings of helplessness or empowerment based on their attribution tendencies
What is the “Personal Projects” approach in personality psychology and how does it relate to individual goals?
(Focus on Intentions, Goal Achievement & Theoretical Expansion)
Focus on Intentions
This approach emphasizes the intentions and goals individuals set for their lives, reflecting their personal desires and ambitions
Goal Achievement
Involves a set of actions intended to achieve personal goals, illustrating proactive personality expression
Theoretical Expansion
Modern personality theories suggest that personality is significantly expressed through the goals one sets and how one perceives themselves in relation to these goals
How does Albert Bandura’s concept of Self-Efficacy relate to academic performance according to Cognitive Social Learning Theory?
(Definition of Self-Efficacy, Mutual Influence, Influence by Modeling & Academic Application)
Definition of Self-Efficacy
The belief in one’s ability to execute specific actions to achieve a goal
Mutual Influence
Self-efficacy boosts performance and improved performance, in turn, enhances self-efficacy
Influence by Modeling
Observing others succeed through effort increases an individual’s belief in their own abilities
Academic Application
In academic settings, students with high self-efficacy are likely to perform better because they believe they can master the material and meet challenges effectively
How does Carol Dweck’s Theory of Mastery Orientation explain students responses to academic challenges?
(Mastery Orientation, Fixed vs. Growth Mindset & Impact on Behavior)
Mastery Orientation
This theory posits that students attitudes towards challenges and failures are influenced by their beliefs about intelligence
Fixed vs. Growth Mindset
Fixed Mindset: Students who view intelligence as static are more likely to avoid challenges and give up after failures
Growth Mindset: Students who believe intelligence can be developed through effort are more likely to embrace challenges and persist through difficulties
Impact on Behavior
These implicit beliefs determine whether students seek out or shy away from academic challenges
What is the Cognitive-Affective Personality System (CAPS) according to Walter Mischel and how does it describe personality?
(CAPS Definition, Function & Personality Dynamics)
CAPS Definition
A theory proposed by Walter Mischel that views personality not as fixed traits but as an organized system of cognitive and affective activities
Function
These cognitive and affective activities influence individual responses to specific situational contexts
Personality Dynamics
Personality is reconceptualized to focus on variability in behavior across different situations, which reflects the interaction between the person and the situation
How do mental activities define personality according to the theory of cognitive-affective processes?
(Components of Mental Activities, Sources of Influence & Situation-Response Dynamics)
Components of Mental Activities
Includes construals, goals, expectations, beliefs, feelings, self-regulatory standards, abilities, plans and strategies
Sources of Influence
These components are shaped by an individual’s learning history, culture, genetic makeup and biological factors
Situation-Response Dynamics
As individuals encounter various situations, different cognitive and affective processes are activated, influencing their responses based on their unique cognitive-affective system
