503 Flashcards
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What percentage of the human body is made up of water?
50-70%
What is the liquid part of blood called?
Plasma
What percentage of plasma is made up of water?
90%
Name three types of fruits that contain water.
- Oranges
- Watermelon
- Grapes
What is the primary role of water in the human body?
To regulate temperature and transport hormones, nutrients, and sugar
True or False: The body releases water during the digestion of solid foods.
True
What is natural mineral water characterized by?
Its content of mineral salt and trace elements
What is the method used to remove water from its source?
Abstraction
Fill in the blank: The method of water abstraction usually involves the use of a _______.
Pump
What is the purpose of microfiltration and ultraviolet disinfection in water treatment?
To remove unstable elements
What is the maximum mineral content for purified water?
Less than 10 mg/l
What are two common methods of processing purified water?
- Distillation
- Reverse osmosis
What is the role of the hypothalamus in hydration?
Regulates thirst in response to changes in electrolyte levels and blood volume
True or False: Water is the principal ingredient in soft drink production.
True
What is the first step in the water treatment process for soft drinks?
Remove colour and suspended particles
Name two factors that affect the treatment of water in a water treatment plant.
- Source of raw material
- Prior treatment of water
What happens to the body when it becomes dehydrated?
Experiences the sensation of thirst
What is a common environmental concern regarding shallow aquifers?
Contamination or pollution from surface water
What type of bottles are often used for bottled water?
- Glass
- PET
- High-density polythene
Fill in the blank: The presence of additional nutrient sources in flavored water often leads to an increased _______ load.
Microbial
What is a potential problem with using PET bottles for water?
Chemical taint from leaching of plasticizers
What is the purpose of heat treatment in flavored water production?
To ensure stability
What is the importance of water quality in soft drink production?
To ensure consistency in taste and appearance
What is the chief constituent in all drinks?
Water is the chief constituent in all drinks, and the primary ingredient in most.
Why is water purified before drinking?
Water is purified prior to drinking to ensure safety and health.
What methods are used for water purification?
Methods for purification include filtration and the addition of chemicals, such as chlorination.
What statistic highlights the importance of purified water?
The World Health Organisation states that 94% of deaths from diarrhea could be prevented by improving water quality.
What are the treatment methods for water purification?
Treatment methods include coagulation treatment, ion exchange treatment, and reverse osmosis.
What is coagulation treatment?
Coagulation is a chemical process where floc is formed to absorb foreign organic matter from water.
What is the role of aluminium sulphate in coagulation?
Aluminium sulphate helps form flocs that absorb suspended solids, making them suitable for filtering.
What happens during the coagulation process using ferrous sulphate?
FeSO4 is oxidised by Cl2 to form Fe2(SO4)3, which then reacts with calcium bicarbonate.
How is filtration used in water purification?
Filtration removes fine particles of floc from clarified water using a sand filter.
What is the sterilising agent used in water treatment?
Free Cl2 is the sterilising agent used to ensure water is free from bacteria.
What is de-chlorination?
De-chlorination is the removal of residual free Cl2 by absorption on activated carbon.
What parameters are monitored for plant performance?
Parameters include floc concentration, residual alkalinity, free Cl2 levels, and microbiological testing.
What is ion exchange in water treatment?
Ion exchange is a reversible interchange of ions to remove undesirable ionic contaminants from water.
What is the purpose of water softening in ion exchange?
Water softening aims to reduce calcium and magnesium content in water.
What is a typical application of ion exchange?
Ion exchange is used for softening water and removing toxic metals.
What is the chemical reaction for dealkalisation in ion exchange?
2R-H+ Ca(HCO3)4- R2-Ca + 2CO2 + 2H2O.
