500

Question 1

Operant conditioning (define)

Answer 1

Strengthening and weakening of behaviors by systematically changing their consequences (reinforcement and punishment. (B.F. Skinner) A behavior followed by a rewarding stimulus is more likely to occur, while a behavior followed by a punishing stimulus is less likely to occur.

Question 2

Operant conditioning (apply)

Answer 2

When a parent smiles at a child in response to a behavior, the child is more likely to repeat the behavior vs. when a parent gives a disapproving look, the child is less likely to repeat the behavior.

Question 3

Phenotype (define)

Answer 3

A phenotype refers to the genetic material consisting of observable characteristics, including both physical and psychological characteristics.

Question 4

Phenotype (apply)

Answer 4

Phenotypes are how an individual’s genotype are expressed in observable and measurable physical and psychological characteristics. It is part of the biological understanding of human growth and development. Phenotypes provide clues to a person’s genetic makeup and these expressions are impacted by epigenetic and environmental influences.

Question 5

Punishment (define)

Answer 5

According to behavioral theory pioneered by B.F. Skinner, punishment is the introduction of a stimulus that will make a behavior less likely to occur. Positive punishment is when an averse stimulus is added, and negative punishment is when a pleasant consequence is removed.

Question 6

Punishment (apply)

Answer 6

Negative punishment: spanking

Positive punishment: phone privileges revoked for a teenager

Question 7

Quasi-experimental research (define)

Answer 7

A research design that fails to include key elements of a “pure” experiment and/or intermixes elements of both experimental and correlational studies. (also called a mixed design)
A quasi-experimental variable must be preexisting in subjects because, by the nature of the variable, a researcher cannot ask subjects to assume the risks that go with the behavior (i.e. smoking)

Question 8

Reliability (define)

Answer 8

In research design, reliability is a measure of the consistency of test or research results. Statistically, reliability is measured by correlation coefficients.

Question 9

Reliability (apply)

Answer 9

A researcher wants to test the reliability of a new intelligence test, to determine if it consistently measures intelligence. She uses a test-retest method, but giving the same test to the same group within a few months. Students should score about the same the second time if the test is reliable.

Question 10

Separation anxiety (define)

Answer 10

In the grief process, separation anxiety includes preoccupation with thoughts of the deceased and also focuses on places and things associated with the deceased.

Question 11

Separation anxiety (apply)

Answer 11

Marian recently lost her spouse. One of the dimensions of her grief is separation anxiety, which means she usually doesn’t go more than a few minutes without thinking of her late partner. Whenever she walks by the chair he watched TV in every night, she cries.

Question 12

Sex-linked traits (define)

Answer 12

A sex-linked trait is one in which a gene is located on a sex chromosome. The implications for males may be very different than for females.

Question 13

Sex-linked traits (define)

Answer 13

A sex-linked trait is one in which a gene is located on a sex chromosome. Generally refers to traits that are influenced by genes on the x chromosome.

Diseases caused by mutations on an X-chromosome are called x-linked diseases, and affect men more often because men only have one x chromosome (and no “backup” like women.) Since women have two x chromosomes, they become carriers if they have a sex-linked gene mutation, but do no usually show any signs of the disease. Sex linked conditions include Klinefelter syndrome, Turner syndrome, fragile x syndrome, and XYY syndrome.

Question 14

Sex-linked traits (apply)

Answer 14

Henry is diagnosed with Fragile-X syndrome, a genetic disorder caused by abnormalities in the x chromosome. This condition is a sex-linked trait because it’s caused by a gene on the x sex chromosome.

Question 15

Social referencing (define)

Answer 15

Social referencing is “reading” emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a situation.

Question 16

Social referencing (define)

Answer 16

A social cognitive accomplishment learned in infancy when babies develop the ability to “read” emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a situation.

Question 17

Social referencing (apply)

Answer 17

6 month old Jill is at Storytime at the library with her caregiver. She looks frequently at the caregiver as she encounters new people and toys. When the caregiver smiles and encourages her, she engages.

Question 18

Social clock (define)

Answer 18

The timetable on which individuals are expected to accomplish life’s tasks, such as getting married, having children, or establishing themselves in a career. People whose lives are not synchronized with these social clocks find life to be more stressful than those who are on schedule.

Question 19

Social clock (apply)

Answer 19

Dalia graduated from college two years ago, but she has only been able to find

Question 20

Social clock (apply)

Answer 20

Dalia graduated from college two years ago, but she has only been able to find low paying entry level work, and lives with her parents while her peers advance in their careers. She feels a lot of stress over how “behind” she feels according to the social clock.

Question 21

Stranger anxiety (define)

Answer 21

Stranger anxiety is when an infant shows a fear and wariness of strangers. It is the most frequent expression of an infant’s fear. It first appears at about 6 months of age in the form of wary reactions. At 9 months, the fear of strangers is more intense, and it usually peaks toward the end of the first year of life and decreases from there. Infants show less stranger anxiety in familiar settings, which shows indicates that when infants feel secure, they are less likely to show stranger anxiety.

Question 22

Stranger anxiety (apply)

Answer 22

Lyla is 9 months old.

Question 23

Stranger anxiety (apply)

Answer 23

Lyla is 9 months old. Her father takes her to a restaurant where is meeting friends for a birthday celebration. Lyla’s dad exuberantly hands her to an old friend who Lyla has never met while he goes to the bathroom. Lyla wails and reaches towards the direction her dad walked. She cries until he comes back.

Question 24

Temperament (define)

Answer 24

An individual’s behavioral style and characteristic emotional responses. There are some links between childhood temperament and adult personality (easy and difficult temperaments, inhibition, and ability to control one’s emotions are enduring). There are also general changes in temperament over the life span. (Adults experience fewer mood swings than they did in adolescence, for example.)

Question 25

Temperament (apply)

Answer 25

At the playground, 3 year old Mary watches the other kids and is slow to engage. She has an inhibited temperament. As an adult, she is less likely to be assertive than other adults.

Question 26

Zone of proximal development (define)

Answer 26

Within Vygotsky’s developmental theory, ZPD is the term for the range of tasks that are too difficult for a child to master alone but can be learned with guidance and assistance from adults or more-skilled children. The lower limit of the ZPD is the level of skill reached by the child working independently. The upper limit of the ZPD is the level of additional responsibility the child can accept with the assistance of an able instructor.

Question 27

Zone of proximal development (apply)

Answer 27

Maya cannot tie her shoes by herself, but when an adult coaches her through the steps, she can. Shoe tying is currently in Maya’s Zone of Proximal Development.

Question 28

Rationalization (define)

Answer 28

couldn’t find this one in the book, not sure which application they’re looking for

Question 29

Rationalization (apply)

Answer 29

not sure which definition they’re looking for

Question 30

Psychodynamic theory (define)

Answer 30

The theoretical orientation rooted in Freud’s work. Psychodynamic theory roots much of psychological health or dysfunction in unconscious impulses, childhood experiences, unresolved conflicts in developmental stages.

Question 31

Psychodynamic theory (apply)

Answer 31

Sue is seeing a psychodynamic therapist for relationship problems. The therapist begins the session by asking Sue to speak freely about whatever is on her mind. The therapist hones in on a mention of a distant and cold relationship with her father as the potential source for her current problems. The therapist then starts to take on some of those qualities, acting slightly cold, to encourage transference and help Sue work through the issues.