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Sampling and Evaluation of Enivonmental Data > 50 questions > Flashcards

50 questions Flashcards

1
Q

Explain and demonstrate how to handle sampling equipment. What are the advantages and drawback of: Ruttner

A

Open the bottle, take of weight, put in water, drop weight, pull up, open the tap and fill hte sampling bottles

+ for water samples

+ good for different depts

+ often has pH and thermometer

  • not good for flowing water
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2
Q

Explain and demonstrate how to handle sampling equipment. What are the advantages and drawback of: Ekman

A

Grabber: open the grabber, drop it to the bottom, close it, pul up the sample. mix the sample to get a representativ sample
+ can sample bottom dwellers
+ can sample loose material

  • gives disturbed samples
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3
Q

Explain and demonstrate how to handle sampling equipment. What are the advantages and drawback of: Corer

A

Drop the equipment a bit over the bottom, pull up, put in a plug befor taking the corer above surface, screw upp the sedement on a plate and take samples at different levels

+ shows layers in the sediment
+ uses gravity

  • cant be used on too loose material
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4
Q

Explain and demonstrate how to handle sampling equipment. What are the advantages and drawback of: Perestaltic pump

A

Uses gravity, put in tube, press on, pump out the first water and then take your sample

+ oxeygen free enviorment before filtering

  • can only take samples down to 7 meters
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5
Q

Explain and demonstrate how to handle sampling equipment. What are the advantages and drawback of: Bailer

A

put a string on the bailer, lover it down to the water, the ball will clese it, take it up

+ disposable, no cross contamination
+ easy to use

  • exposes the sample to oxygen
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6
Q

Explain and demonstrate how to handle sampling equipment. What are the advantages and drawback of: Riffle splitter

A

Metal box, that splits the material in two according to the normal distrubution

+gives representative samples
- takes long time

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7
Q

Explain and demonstrate how to handle sampling equipment. What are the advantages and drawback of: pH-meter

A

clean the stick, calibrate it, hold it in the water until it´s stable, calibrate by using calibration soulutions with pH 4, 7 and 10. take multiple samples and make an average

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8
Q

What are the purpose of “16 Swedish Environmental objectives” and which of them are relevant for Recipient Control?

A

The goal is to be able to hand over the world to the next generation in a good and healthy way.

  • Bara naturlig försurning
  • Giftfri Miljö
  • Begränsad miljöpåverkan
  • Ingen övergödning
  • Levande sjöar och vattendrag
  • Grundvatten av god kvalitet
  • Hav i balans samt levande kust och skärgård
  • Myllrande våtmarker
  • Levande skogar
  • Ett rikt växt- och djurliv
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9
Q

How can you with an easy and cheap method show if a water body is stratified?

A

With a thermometer since there is a change In temperature between the surface water and bottom

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10
Q

What is the compensation depth and how do you measure it?

A

Lika mängd fotosyntes som kondensation! Two tims the visibility depth. (sofia). Measure the visibility dept and multiply it by two

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11
Q

How does Oxygen-free bottoms occur?

A

Organic matter decompose, uses
firs up al oxygen then the decomposisition continius with other substances. (goes through the redox ladder). More alges in the surface, they decompose and lead to more organic matter in the bottom.

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12
Q

Which parameters affect the speciation of iron (Fe) in the water column?

A

pH and pe (oxygen level)

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13
Q

How does the speciation of iron (Fe) affect nutrient (P,N) in the water column and in the sediments?

A

Both P and N bind to Fe when it is in ironhydroxides (not Fe2+). ironhydroxides biond to P and N and make them sedement. if the iron is in a anoxic environment the componds can be released

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14
Q

How does the speciation of iron (Fe) affect metals (e.g. Cu) in the water column and in the sediments?

A

Same as fore P and N. FE2+ cant bindes too metals. Fe2O3 can absorbe them.

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15
Q

Which parameters would you measure to identify eutrophication of a lake and where would you measure them?

A

Siktdjup, syrehalt, pH, look if there is a lot of oxygen. Where the lake is deepest. Deep lakes (more than 15) 0,5 m below the surface, in the thermocline, and 1 m above bottom.

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16
Q

When during the year would you try to identify eutrophication and why then?

A

During the summer when you have the stratification. Lack of nutrients in the top, and lack of oxygen in the bottom.

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17
Q

Explain what the following quality control procedure are: Controle of equipment

A

its when you make sure the equipment works properly, for example that the pH or the thermometer measures the right pH or temperature. Also make sure the equipment is clean.

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18
Q

Explain what the following quality control procedure are: Duplicate

A

its when you take two samples at the same place. The samples should show the same result because it should have the same composition. Can be used to make an average.

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19
Q

Explain what the following quality control procedure are: Blank

A

It can for example be when you take one sample with just miacular water. You do the same procedure as you do with a normal sample (ex pum it through a peristaltic pump) by doing so you can se is the equipment contaminates the samples and how much.

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20
Q

Explain what the following quality control procedure are: Comparison of sampler

A

two persons taking the same type of sample (same place and equipment) se if there is a human error in the sampling.

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21
Q

You suspect that you and your colleague, in some way, do not sample in the same way and introduce an error.

Describe how you could assess this error and show if it is real or not. Dose

A

Do both take ta sample in the same way? Go through the rutin of how the samples should be taken.

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22
Q

You suspect that you and your colleague, in some way, do not sample in the same way and introduce an error.

How would you statistically evaluate this difference?

A

Take a blanc. Make a test in a lab? With known concentrations to see if there are any errors.

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23
Q

Describe one situation where

knowledge about extreme concentrations is necessary.

A

När släpper gruvan ut som mest. If the pollution is extrem dangurus for the environment. Is the limit reached, by how much. Guideline och limit values to follow, then extream values are important to know.

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24
Q

Describe one situation where knowledge about average concentrations is necessary.

A

Is there a pollution or is it just normal effect from the suraunding area. Bigger picture of how it varies. If you want to send it to a landfill you only need to know the average

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25
Q

What is the difference between single and composite samples?

How are they generated?

A

Single samples is just taken directly from the site. A composite sample is made by taking many samples in the same location and then combining them and mixing them to make on representative sample for the place. (you take multiple single samples at one place)

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26
Q

What is the difference between single and composite samples?

What are the pro and the cons for each of the ways?

A

SINGLE SAMPLE: it requires many samples to get an good overview and there is a risk of extream values. But it can show variations in the location (ex if one side or at one time the values are very high). Either reduce the amount of samles, not enough information, or increase the cost. COMPOSITE SAMPLE: it is more reliable estimation of the mean value and its cost effective. Cant be used for volatile hydrocarbons, there is an increased risk for cross contamination and trends and patterna are not visible.

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27
Q

Explain the concept of sampling dimension.
Which “dimension is the best?

Why is it a privileged situation? Use the principle of sampling theory to explain.

A

0 dimention is best. You make small hipes and random chose some pile to sample. Every pile has equal chance to be sampled

Each particle should have the same possibility to be sampled

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28
Q

Explain the advantages and drawbacks of using: Random or stratified (partially) stratified sampling

A

the sampling locations are just places random (no order). Stratified sampling is almost as random samping but if you cant take the sample at a specific location you delet that location. The risk is that you miss the surce and that the locations can be in the same place. It’s an easy method, no planning, no human error. Partially random you first divide the location in samler areas depending on the land and then you take random sample in the smaller area

29
Q

Explain the advantages and drawbacks of using: Systematic sampling

A

you follow a specific plan, ex an square pattern where you sample in the middle of every square, the distance between every locations are the same everywhere.or take the sample at the same time everyday/week. Different patterns can be over or under estimated. It takes o lot of time and planing. You get a good everview since you cover the whole area. You just sample in the grid

30
Q

Explain the advantages and drawbacks of using: Systematic random sampling

A

you have plan where you want to sample, divided in squares but you can take the sample in a random place in the square. Some may be to close, but still gives a quite good overview. The location could also be in a place where its hard to measure.

31
Q

Sample size:

a. How much material is “really” analyzed when addressing VOC?
b. How much material is “really” analyzed when addressing metals
c. When is it not recommendable to prepare composite samples?

A

a. about 5 gram
b. about 1 gram
c. when looking at volatile samples

32
Q

Describe the splitting methods/instruments called: Coning and quartering

A

take the pile and flat it down. Split the material in fore sections. Remoe tvo sections and take the other two and repeat the process. Repeat until you have a good amount of material for your sample. Works for 100 to 10 kg of material. Can give bad results, look out for segregation

33
Q

Describe the splitting methods/instruments called: Fractional splitting

A

Take the larger pile and split it into smaller piles. This method works good for big samples, can fast make the samples material smaller.

34
Q

Describe the splitting methods/instruments called: Riffle splitter

A

it is a metal box that divide the sample in to two. The “box has holes in the bottom which are directed in two opposite ways. When the sample is poured in it gets divided in two and both sides should have roughly the same amount. You can then continiu to split the sample by two. This method works for samples in different sizes.

35
Q

Describe and give an example of a systematic error resp. a random error

A

when you make the same error fore the whole sampling procedure. Ex, take thae sample wrong, have ot calibrated the equipment correctly, doesn’t split in the correct way. RANDOM: has to do with the normal distribution. somethnin happens ex you fall or dropp something. Reduce by increasing sample size, number of samples, knowledge

36
Q

What is the fundamental error? How can you address it?

A

If the sampe is to small, you get a big particle in a small sample=swhows hight values, same sample may have no big particle=no problem, thera ar eno high values.) the sample sice should fit the material. Diagram for sample size based on the largesed particle size in the material

37
Q

What is the segregation error? How can you address it

A

If the sample has different layesrs (ex oil and water) you might just sample oil or just water, you have to sample both to get a good sample. Make tha sample method suitable fore the material that’s being sampled and take multiple samples.

38
Q

Explain what segregation is (give example of segregation mechanisms

A

Oli and water, or gold, (it can be different layers or in clumps in the material) some partikles can attract eacother (grouping) or puch away eachother (layers). Some macanisms are percolation/sieving(some get through some dose not), flotation (the ligheter one in the top), agglomeration (surface forces like oil and organic mater), solpe density segregation (the hevier particles get to the bottom of the pile), slope friction ratio segregation (tha particles with higher friction gets stopped (movement/transport of the particles in the sample can lead to segregation). Homogenise soli can cause segregation

39
Q

How could you manage segregation errors to obtain representative samples to analyse? Suggest one method that could improve the sampling quality.

A

Segragration is a problem for sampling. Which particles should be in the sample and not,

40
Q

At which depths would you sample a lake that is 20 m deep and why?

A

In a lake that deep you need to take three samples. One 0,5 m belov the surface, one one meter above the bottom and one In the thermocline. (measure the temperature in the water to find the thermocline) if the lake is stratified you might have different composistion of the water above ande belove the thermocline. For example, there is a likely a lack of oxygen near the bottom and a lack of nutrients ner the surface.

41
Q

What do you separate if you filter the water with 0.2 um filters?

A

You separate the particular fase from the dissolved phase. However you still have kolloids in the sample (they can be both particular and disoved.) you can filter away more than just leaves and sand

42
Q

23 What could happen with the fractions if you don’t have the possibility to filter your sample on site and instead ask the laboratory to filter the water?

A

If you don’t filter on site you might have changes in the sample. The specification of the samples may change specialy if it its exposed to oxygen. For example, groundwater is often anoxic. When its pumped up it is clear but if you leave it out järhydroxider (iron oxides) will form. If the sample isn’t filterd on site you might get extream high values or extreme low values (if you fileter it and the iron has turned inte particular phase it wil be filterd away from the sample and it will show too low values). The iron can also affect oter trace elements such as copper, arsenic.

43
Q

How should you store water samples and sediment samples until they reach the laboratory for analysis and why?

A

You should store them cold and dark. This is to prevent changes in the sample because of change in themperature or reaction with sunlight.

44
Q

Name a situation/”identification of an environmental problem” when it is good to use a Ruttner sampler

A

Eutropication. Different depts and the temperature.

45
Q

What is the difference between looking at the results from water samples and water moss samples?

A

Water samples show the composistion right now, the moss can show what has been transported /been in the water from previous years. The moss takes upp and stor pollutants for a longer time so you can se if ther has been a problem earlier.

46
Q

If you want to trace climate changes by analyzing the sediments – Which sediment sampler would you use?

A

It would be good to use a corer since you get the different layers in the sediment. Then you can look at sediment from different layers which are from different years, therefore you can se the changes througt the years.

47
Q

Explain how the lead (Pb) concentration in sediments can be used to trace periods of Economic Development several 100 years ago

A

used in the industry before good years thera are higher peaks. Lower peaks when ther has been a crisis.

48
Q

A new harbor should be established and sediments needs to be dredged in order for the ships/boats to reach the harbor. Your task is to determine if there are any pollutants that could be spread during the dredging. Which sampling equipment would you use and why?

A

It would be good to take soma sediment samples with a grabber to se if the sediment contains any pollutants. However it can also be good to take at least one sediment sample with a corer to se if there is any pollutants that has been sedimented long time agon since if you start to dig they will be exposed and therefore leak out in the water agin.

49
Q

What is the difference between a direct and an indirect flow/discharge measurement method?

A

the direct methods measure the flow/discharge directly in the water and therefor it gives information about that specific water (what the flowrate/discharge really is, if you exclude possible errors). The indirect methods uses models and statistics to calculate a possible flow/discharge for the stream

50
Q

Explain how a measurement using a rod suspended current meter is to be done.

A

You measure from a bridge or a boat (or by walkning out in the water) you are supposed to measure at several locations (preferly more than 30) and at least 40 seconds at every location. For every location you should measure at two depts (0,2the dept of the water course and 0,8the dept) the error for this method is somevere between 5-15%. The water in the top usaly flows faster than the bottom water

51
Q

How does the water flow affect the metal concentration in a river?

A

It can affect in two different ways. NUMBER ONE: higher waterflow (ex spring flood) can cause the concentrations to bee lower since the water get diluted. In the SECOND case the water shows higher concentrations since the springflood can transport metals such as iron which has weaterd during the winter (ironsulfides that weater and FE3+ can continiu to oxidize). Higher concentartations after springflood (not as diluted).

52
Q

Explain how soil collection from a screw should be done.

A

You should first remove the outerlayer (when pulling up the screw sand sticks to the outer layer) then take the sample directly from the screw, you can use your hand if you have rubber gloves on.

53
Q

What is sulfide soil? Why should you be concerned about it

A

It is soil with no oxygen, (anoxic) it becomes a proble if the soli oxidise, (trace elements can leak out) and the water becomes acidic.

54
Q

When is it recommended to sample from pits? What are the main advantages and disadvantages?

A

This method is good in till with rock or heterogeneous compisistion. It gives a good overview, can se layers.. However you can only sampl 3-4 meters into the ground but thera are difficulties and safety risks after 2 meters. This method is not good for sampling under the groundwater table and it changes the ground stability.

55
Q

When is it recommended to sample with a screw? What are the main advantages and disadvantages?

A

This method has a low impact and is also good to use if you are going to install a groundwater pipe in the same place as well. This method also has fewer safety risks. The samples are however disturbed and it is hard to get an overview. This method is also hard to use in areas with very coarse material/rock, waste etc.

56
Q

What are the common on site analysis that can be done when sampling soil?

A

You can note the soles odor and color (it can be important factors for the analysis) and take notes if you find anything in the ground (ex, brick, conctrete, asphalt, wood). Take pictures!

57
Q

When sampling soil from a profile, when is it allowed to mix soil and when it is not?

A

You should not mix sils with different: type/texture (and and clay), consistency, colors, odor, from above and belowe the groundwater table

58
Q

How can you plan your sampling procedure to reduce the cost for sampling and analyzing? Explain shortly about:
How to choose representative sampling sites?

A

Take samples where there is an accumulation of sediment. Start where you believe the pollutents are lovest concentration to reduce risk of cross contamination. FROM NOTES: talk to people in the area/that has worked in the area (what do they now, has there been an oil spill or something). Separate sand and clay (clay and silt can absorbe /aatract more and gives therefoe higher values, send them to the lab first, then the other saples (with sand for ex)

59
Q 
How can you plan your sampling procedure to reduce the cost for sampling and analyzing? Explain shortly about: 
Field measurements (pH, XRF, PID)
A

take these measurements first so it gets right and to know which samples to send to the lab (which ones that are interesting)

60
Q

What is generally the difference in water quality between surface water and groundwater?

A

Groundwater is generally clearer than surface water. The water is often acidic (contains Fe2+)

61
Q

How does the porosity of a soil/rock effect the velocity of the groundwater?

A

Big porosity makes the velocity higher, (its easier for the water to flow through than it dose with the saml porosity)

62
Q

In which direction is the main groundwater transport? Horizontal or vertical?

A

It is mostely horizontal (same as the flow direction) (the groundwater level follows the surface topography, perpendicular to the topography contours in a map)

63
Q

Mention three methods to install groundwater pipes

A

Drilling, casing drilling with flushing medium, hollow steam auge, direct push. DRILLING: a scew that is scewed down, you can sample soil at the same time, then taken up before instaling the groundwater pipe. CASING DRILLING: put down the equipment in the ground, water or compresed air to flush away the soil. HOLLOW STEAM AUGE: almost same as drilling, you leave the screw, in and the fill up with more equipment, you can know at what level you sample at. DIRECT PUSH: pushing down the pipe in the soil, the soil must be loose and you cant use a plastic pipe (use teflone)

64
Q

What is important to consider when installing the groundwater pipe filter?

A

Searching for organic material/contaminants that are more volatile than water (filters just in line with the groundwater on the top.) if searching for heavy pollutants/or In presence of dense soil layers (filters in the bottom)

65
Q

Which material is recommended when monitoring metals such as copper and zinc

A

When looking for metal contamination you should use plastic (or Teflon, not environmental friendly)

66
Q

List three technics (pumps or other devices) to sample groundwater. What are the main advantages and disadvantages?

A

PERESTALTIC PUMP: uses gravity to pump up water. Can only be used down to 7 meters. Not good for volatile substances. PRESSURE PUMP: instaled under the groundwater table, suitable for volatile compounds. Problem with poor dranage when water has high turbibity and there is a risk of cross contamination. BAILER: simple to operate. Disposable after sampling, no risk of cross comntaination. Can sample at different levels. Bad for circulation groundwatr. Risk of loosing volatile compounds and the sample gets exposed to oxygen.

67
Q

Explain the common procedure for groundwater sampling.

A

Install the groundwater pipe, clean pump the pipe until the watr is clear without particles. Then wait (ca one week) to allow the development of stable conditions. Measure the groundwater level. Take the sample with ex, a perestaltioc pump. For representative samples it is important with circulation pumping. Filter the sample on site. CIRCULATION PUMPING: to get representative samples, pump out water, se how fast it refeals.

68
Q

What are the common on site analysis that can be done when sampling groundwater?

A

It is common to measure pH, conductivity, temperature, redox potential (very important to calibrate the instrument before). If you do these measurement later they will have change

69
Q

Why should you always filter groundwater? Contradictory to surface water that can vary

A

grondwater is anoxic and therefore there can be changes in the sample if you expose it to oxygen. By filtering the sample on site you can know that everything in the sample bottle was dissolved when sampling and you reduce the risk of to high or too low values.

Sampling and Evaluation of Enivonmental Data (1 decks)

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