5 Uk Evolving Human Landscape Flashcards
1
Q
5.1 Population density
A
How many people live in area (usually 1km2)
2
Q
5.1 Core area
A
Urban areas drive UK economy (Uk towns & cities e.g. Birmingham, London & Manchester)
3
Q
5.1 Population density spread through UK (3)
A
Higher South-East England
Core urban area over 200 people per Km2
Low in Rural areas but increasing 1-100 people per Km2
4
Q
5.1 Age structure UK (2 urban & 2 rural)
A
Urban: Young adults & many single people
Rural: Older & some single people
5
Q
5.1 Uk encomomic activity (4 Urban & 4 Rural)
A
Urban: Retailing (large shops)
Offices & corporate head quarters
Lots jobs (shops, office & factory)
Cultural centre (library muesrum theatre)
Rural: Primary jobs (farming, fishing, forestry & mining)
Working from home (IT)
Tourism (reliant creates seasonal jobs hard find full time employment)
Renewable energies
6
Q
5.1 Settlements (6 urban & 5 rural)
A
Urban: Metropalis
conurbation
city
large town
Mix high & low rise buildings
More expensivs than countryside
Rural: Market towns
Villages
Isolated farms
Low rise buildings
Property cheaper
7
Q
5.1Enterprize zones (5)
A
55 accross UK
Reduce tax (increase business profit)
Building reglations looser (easier businesses to build)
Improved infulstructure (building, transport & broardband)
Jobs to rural/deprived areas
8
Q
5.1 Transport (3)
A
HS2 (new high speed rail) link London Manchester & Birmingham (faster travel & more rural job opportunities)
M5 (new road) Heysham - Lankishire (faster travel & more rural job opportunities)
More jobs as just commute to City (has cheaper cost living in rural areas)
9
Q
5.1 Regional development (6)
A
European Development Fund (EDF) invests in small hightech companies
Cornwall superfast broardband (attract digital businesses, skilled jobs to Cornwall & helps with fact GDP 75% lower than UK average)
Common agricultural policy (garuntee farmers living wage, rural diversification product)
Areas with history of unemployment (e.g. Wales after Coal & Steal business end) recieve funding
Areas away from Urban cores recieve funding (e.g. as lack businesses)
10
Q
5.2 Migrants (3)
A
Mainly Europe
Used be mainly Common wealth
Mainly move to core areas
11
Q
5.2 International migrants (where go)
A
Move to area with established group of ethnicity
12
Q
5.2 Domestic migrants (2)
A
Young go to urban areas (for jobs)
Older go rural area retirement
13
Q
5.2 Primary sectors
A
Extract (e.g, farming)
14
Q
5.2 Secondary (3)
A
Manurfacture
Construct (e.g. builder)
Refine
15
Q
5.2 Tertiary
A
Services (e.g. teacher)
16
Q
5.2 Colapse of primary & secondary sectors N England (5)
A
Mechanisation
Raw material
Competition from abroard
Negative cycle of decline
Gov policy
17
Q
5.2 Mechanisation
A
People lose jobs in Manurfacturing & Extract as machines used more
18
Q
5.2 Raw material
A
Not from Britain (importing from abroard)
19
Q
5.2 Competition from abroard
A
Cheaper & easier not do it ourselves (e.g. coventry textile decline)
20
Q
5.2 Negative cycle of decline (6 stages)
A
One comp shut down –> unemployment –> less tax paid in area –> less funding –> businesses move out
21
Q
5.2 Gov policy
A
Other countries less restrictions on pay (e.g. China) comps more likely move business there
22
Q
5.2 Rise tertiary & quaternary SE England (5)
A
Transport
Geographical position
Gov descision
Markets
Labour skills
23
Q
5.2 Transport
A
People travel different areas for work brings businesses around country
24
Q
5.2 Geographical position (3)
A
Cost lower away from core areas
Gov encourage businesses move away from core
People travel
25
5.2 Gov descision (4)
Increase transport links
Attract businesses
Increase skills
Draw visitors to area
26
5.2 Markets
SW large market 19 million people offer goods & services
27
5.2 Labour skills
Skilled labour force peoduced in university (e.g. Swansee & Cardiff)
28
5.2 Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) (3)
Investment from firm/individual in 1 country to business located in another country
Increasing in UK (2010 £726 billion - 2014 £1065 billion)
Mainly from TNCs
29
5.2 FDI positives (2)
Creates jobs
Spreads wealth
30
5,2 FDI negatives
TNC FDI takes profit so wealth not spead as TNCs pay tax in another country
31
5.2 globalisation (3)
Process countries becoming more intergrated
Transport & comms links make it easier operate business in UK
Finance centre lots foreign banks (e.g. German Deutsche Bank located in England due business culture & network opportunities)
32
5,2 Privatisation (2)
Services used to be run by gov offered to private forms
FDI companies bought by foreign (may merge with existing business) (e.g. Scottish power owned by spanish power company Iberdrola)
33
5,2 free trade (3)
Policies reduce import/export restrictions (easier global trade)
Used trade with with EU now less after Brexit
Trade with other nations attracts investors (help access European market)
34
5.2 TNCs
Trans National Corperations
35
5.2 TNC positive (3)
Creates jobs (e.g. US Grand Herritage Hotel group new resort Derbyshire 1000 new jobs)
Large scale projects UK can't afford (e.g. £15 billion invested UK: infulstructure, off shaw wind turbines & sea power cables
Dev new product/tech/business practices helping other businesses productivity
36
5.2 TNC negative (3)
Over reliance TNC could lead global economic recession/redundancies
Small business rely 1/2 buyers if change lose lots revenue (e.g. Nissan Sunderland relocate to new supplier)
Local business can't start/compete against TNCs (e.g. local coffee shop shut due to arrival starbucks)
37
5.3 Site
Land/Location place built
38
5.3 Situation
Location of place in relation to other places (e.g. london location within UK)
39
5.3 London built on sedimentary rock why is this good (2)
Rock softer easier to cut
Easier to build on
40
5.3 Londinium (3)
New capital UK 200 AD
Built on lowest bridging point to River Thames
M1 & A1 motorways
41
5.3 London growth (4)
Situation in UK:
Road/rail links to Manchester & Birmingham
Domestic flights (to areas Scotland & Wales)
Situation in Europe:
Flights travel & trade (Heathrow & Gatwick)
Ports travel & trade
42
5.3 London economic significance (4)
Accounts over 1/5 UK gross value
Generate 22% UK GDP (Gross Domestic Profit)
800000 commute to London everyday for work
Has many large global brands (e.g. Morgan Stanley)
43
5.3 London political significance (4)
West Minister Abbey in London
Houses of Parliment in London
Primeminister live in London
Largest courts in London
44
5.3 London Social significance (2)
1/3 Londoners born abroard (Top 3: India, Poland & Bangladesh)
Top Universities (e.g. Imperial College London, University College London & Kings College London)
45
5.3 London Environmental significance
40% London greenspace (greenest city of size)
46
5.3 burgess model (5)
Show areas of city using rings
A (Central business district (CBD))
B (Inner city)
C (Suburbs)
D (Urban rural fringe)
47
5.3 London CBD function (3)
Commercial
Company headquaters
Banks
48
5.3 London CBD builading age variation (2)
New high rise office blocks
Older historical buildings
49
5.3 London CBD building density (3)
High building density
Lots jobs
Land expensive (build up = cheaper)
50
5.3 London CBD Land use (3)
High rise office blocks
Historical buildings
Royal parks
51
5.3 London CBD environmental quality
High due to royal parks
52
5.3 London Inner city function (2)
Low class residential
High class residential
53
5.3 London Inner city building age variation (3)
Terraced houses
80% before 1919
Some new
54
5.3 London Inner city building density
High
55
5.3 London Inner city land use (4)
High rise flats
Terraced houses
High quality green space
Lots buildings
56
5.3 London Inner city environmental quality
High quality green space
57
5.3 London Suburbs function (2)
Middle class residential
Larger for families
58
5.3. London Suburbs building age variation (2)
20th centuary semi-detatched houses
Lots built early 1900s
59
5.3. London Suburb building density (2)
Areas high building density
Areas low building density
60
5.3 London Suburb land use (4)
Shops
restaurants
Middle class residential housing
Lots gardens
61
5.3 London Suburb environmental quality (2)
Lots high quality green space
Further from city centre = better air quality
62
5.3 London Urban rural fringe function (2)
Industrial
Commercial
63
5.3 London Urban rural fringe building age variation (3)
Detatched
Semi detatched
Most 20th centuary
64
5.3 London Urban rural fringe building density
Low (due to detatched housing)
65
5.3 London Urban rural fringe land use (4)
Few buildings
Lots green space
Ports
66
5.3 London Urban rural fringe environmental quality (2)
High quality greenspace
Lots greenspace
67
5.4 why migrants go to London (5)
High skilled jobs (high paying) e.g. banker (EU, USA, South Africa & Australia)
Low skilled jobs (low paying) e.g. cleaner (EU, Bangladesh, India & increasingly West Africa)
Area with migrants same ethnic origin (preserve culture (art/sport/history), defend against discrimination)
Suburb cheap rented accomodation
Higher education e.g. university (may stay after)
68
5.4 what do migrants do for London (3)
Lowskilled jobs (UK people don't want)
Can bring high skilled nobs
Culture (can bring tourisn e.g. China town)
69
5.4 Aisian-Indian-British (2)
Move to Suburban areas e.g. Hounslow
Move to Inner city areas e.g. Newham
70
5.4 Black-Caribien-English
Move to inner city e.g. Hackney
71
5.4 Richmond Health (2)
Infant mortallity rate 2.75 (per 100 births)
Premature death 121 (beffore 65 per 100000 population)
72
5.4 Richmond education (3)
63% students age 16 get GCSE A*-C 2012
8.4% students age 5-16 have free school meals
64% adults educated to degree level
73
5.4 Richmond Income/employment (4)
High income area
2.8% unemployment
37% work in proffessional/management jobs
Average income £55 000 nearly double UK average
74
5.4 Richmond Services (3)
Crime low (54 per 1000 per year)
More 'outstanding' ofsted schools per child
Large greeen spaces e.g. Richmond & Bushy park
75
5.4 Richmond population (6)
30-50 yr olds
More expensive
More females
Low birthrate
Less workers
Females live longer
76
5.4 Newham education (4)
62% students aged 16 got A*-C in GCSEs
20% 5-16 yr olds on free school meals
41% 19 yr olds no qualifications
26% adults have degree
77
5.4 Newham diversity (4)
One London's most diverse:
30% white
26% black Carribien & African
39% Asian
78
5.4 Newham health (2)
Unfant mortallity rate 5.5 (per 100 births)
Premmature deaths 210 (before 65 per 100 000 population)
79
5.4 Newham birth rate
High birth rate
80
5.4 Newham income/employment (3)
Low income area
12.6% unemployment
Average income £28 780 (Uk average however since in London costs more)
81
5.4 Newham services (4)
136 crimes per 1000 population per yr (done because need money as struggling)
Less outstanding OFSTED schools per child
Small parks/gardens (fraction of size in Richmond)
Less places to spend disposable income due to lackmof wealth in area
82
5.4 Newham living environment (5)
More vandalism/litter
Negative cycle of decline harder to improve
People don't take pride in local area
Area not taken care of
When gov puts in money goes to education
83
5.4 Inequality
Extreme differences in an area between 2 geoups (e.g. access to services & income)
84
5.4 Deprivation (2)
Lack of services & other things (e.g. wealth, education, standard of living)
Measured by index of deprivation
85
5.5 Counter urbanisation
Movement of people beyond boydary tow/city into village/small town
86
5.5 Gentrification (2)
Improvement of urban area ahen new proffessional (high earners) move into run down area closer to work (rehabilitating area)
E.g. Islington (gained wealthier people, housing improved, newbusinesses appear)
87
5.5 Studentification (2)
Communities benefit from local unis prov employment & large student population (can regenerate housing)
E.g. Camden (theiving services/entertainment venues, generate new jobs/wealth for area)
88
5.5. Urban sprawl (3)
Towns spread outward in size as people move to edge through urbanisation
Growth on urban rural fringe (urf) create large shopping centres (e.g. blue water) as on city edge less congestion & more parking spaces
Industrial areas (e.g. cross ways business park by QEII bridge), able as less dev outskirt of London people attracted out of city due to jobs
89
5.5. Green belt (2)
Area land edge of urban area strict planning controls preventing new dev & Urban sprawl
However you can still build on greenbelt
90
5.5 Decline in cities 1. Deindustrialisation (3)
Decline of factories in urban area
Industries rely on port e.g. flower mill move when docks decline (as larger containerships move downstream to deeper water)
By 2001 only 7.5% people work in manurfacturing
91
5.5 decline in cities 2. Depopulation (3)
Decline of total population
Impacted communities as unemployment east London 60%
1971-81 In search of work inner London bouroughs lost over 500000 population (16%) (nearly 100000 from of them from areas close to docks & lea valley
92
5.5 decline in cities 3. Suburbanisation (4)
Movement of people to residential area of city in suburbs
People move to suburbs gain garden
1.5 mill left London 1951-81
Transport improvement allowed this work (see more later)
93
5.5 Decline in cities 4. Decentrilisation (7-8)
Movement of shops/offices to edgebof Urban area (RUF)
More money spent in suburbs
Shopping activity & unemployment shifted away from CBD
Out town shopping centres:
E.g. Croydon's whight lift centre develop attracting custoumers further out
E.g Kent Bluewater centre close to M25
Retail parks away from shopping centres close to M25
Areas unemployment e.g. business parks stockles park near heathrow
94
5.5. Decline in cities 5. E-commerce (2)
Online shopping (e.g. amazon)
Cause further decentrilisation as cheaper for London to buy product from another area e.g. glascow
95
5.5. Decline in cities 6. Transport (4)
Underground 1863 & 1930 established time to city 30 mins
Electrification 1920 guilford (50km from city) takes 30 mins get to London
Domestic flight
Main roads M25 & M4
96
5.5 why move to URF (7)
More expensive rent/mortgage in London
Cheaper in URF
Better access to greens space
Quieter in URF
Better access to health care & education
Lower population
But lots money & time spent on community
97
5.5. Regeneration
Loss docks/industry allowed redevelopment on brown sites
98
5.5. Brown field sites (5)
Prior used area rebuilt on (e.g. where dock was)
Dev not on green feild sites so protects ecosystems & natural landscape
Already has infrastructure (e.g. electricity/water/road connectivity)
Gov/autgorites grant planning permission more often & faster
More expensive to clear land old buildings and polution
99
5.5. Reurbanisation
People move back to London
100
5.5 Financial & business services(3)
Growth of finance & business revitalizing CBD
City London centre global banking & law companies
Benefit being close together
101
5,5. TNC investment (3)
TNCs locate sales/marketing headquarters in London
E.g. Shell, HSBC, Glascow Smith Kline & Virgin atlantic airways
Attracts further investment cementing London as global city
102
5.5. Leisure & culture (6-7)
London hosts 2012 Olympics:
Most investment to east london
Transport links
Athletes villiage
Dev modern housing estate
Can use stadium community & work events
Created new jobs
103
5.6. Rebranding
Use marketing give places new identity so people want to go there, this increases socio-economic success
104
5.6. Regeneration (2)
Long term upgrades of existing places (for urban, rural, industrial & comercial areas)
Designed to tackle inequality (e.g. updating transport & commerce, more services, jobs & housing)
105
5.6. Environmental positives of olympic park stratfd (2)
10 football pitches of wild flowers planted creating diverse habitats
Urban waste land lower lea valley (one of most polluted rivers in Uk) described as ecologically 'dead' improved & full of life)
106
5.6 economic positives of regeneration olympiv park stratfd
12000 jobs created in olympic park area
107
5.6. Social positives regeneration olympic park stratfd (2)
Olympic park has OFSED 'outstanding' school (Cobham Academy)
Population risen 51% since 1981 in Newham
108
5.6. Social negatives of regeneration olympic park stratfd (3)
Old communities broken up & forced elsea where (e.g. essex & chigwell)
Targets for affordable housing revised from 50% in 2010 to max 31% 2012
House prices too expensive for first time buyers who go elsewhere
109
5.6. Economic negative regeneration Olympic park stratfd (2)
Rising rent price meant people on low income can't afford to stay so move elsewhere
Local businesses close/move as can't compete with foreign direct investment e.g. westfield shopping centre
110
5.6. Sustainable urban living
Need to meet areas needs & not harm for future generations:
Social (access to services)
Economic (range jobs, sectors & wages)
Environmental (safe disposal waste products & less driving causing pollution)
111
5.6. Quality of life
Term to sum up all factors sffecting someones general happiness & well-being
112
5.6 Affordable housing problems
Claim 50% housing is affordable but qualifying salary is £60 000 so minimum wage workes squeezed to other areas
113
5.6 affordable housing solution
Can buy 25-50% house & rent rest (but some housing still too expensive)
114
5.6. Employment problems (2)
Want people work feom home 1-2 days per week
2012 only 4.3-8.6% work from home
115
5.6. Employment solution
Flexible work hours more common (easier for workers to travel as don't have travel at rush hour
116
5.6 waste recycling(4-5)
By 2020 aimed reduce household waste by 10% through:
Reuse waste
Prov access to recycling & composting services
Recycling bins round city
Dev waste burning power (e.g.1/3 olympic park energy = house hold wastej
117
5.6. Transport (3-4)
Ultra Low Emissions Zone (ULEZ):
Daily charge £12.50 if car not meet regulations
Extend to greater london in Aug 2023
Caused 6% bus passanger increase (so more money invested in TFL allowing buses from 2012 become more fuel efficient)
118
5.6 energy efficient housing (7)
Bedington Zero Energy Dev (BedZED) Sutton:
Promotes energy conservation in 100 appartments & houses:
Use 81% less energy heating than average british home
Use 45% less electricity than average british home
Use 50% less water than average british home
Recycle 60% more waste than average british home
However homes can't be retrofitted with changes
119
5.6. green space problems (2)
Green space may not survive as is prime housing space
Less farmland due to Urban dev since 1945 is 750 000 hectares
120
5.6. Green space solutions (2)
Council protection rural England Try prevent loss farmland (stricter planning permission)
Green belt (stricter planning permission but can still build on (e,g, heathrow))
121
5.7 Labour (3)
Work force e.g:
Lots people commute to London from surtounding rural area to work (40% svenoaks (NW Kent) work in London)) (rural --> urban)
Students & young proffessionals move to London (want to live near work & area good entertainment e.g. camden) (rural --> Urban)
122
5.7 goods (2)
Physical materials/product e.g:
London rely on surrounding rural area for food (many farmers sell produce to supermarkets & whole salers transport it) (rural --> urban)
123
5.7. Services (4)
Functions satisfying needs e.g:
Londerners travel to countryside for leisure (e.g. go for walk in country parks/hores riding) (Urban --> rural)
London excellent hospitals & private schools alongside specialist services (e.g. great oamand street childrens hospital) (rural --> urban)
Travel to London shopping (greater selection high street & luxuary shops (e.g. Harrods) (Rural --> urban)
124
5.7. Rural economic positive (2)
Rural service businesses (e.g. pubs & restaurants) increase profit as new residents have more disposable income
Farmers made money from sell land/business/diversifying business
125
5.7. Rural environmental negative (2)
Lots commuters drive to stations for fast transport links (e.g. seven oaks), this increases traffic, air pollution, congestion & parking issues
New housing estates built on open countryside (e.g.Dunton Green) affecting wildlife & habitats
126
5.7. Rural economic negative
Some villages become commuter settlements so empty in day meaning some shops/services may close
127
5.7. Rural social positive
Existing houses improved with wealthier residence (e.g. Kentish Oast houses (hop drying building)) have been renovated & turned into houses
128
5.7. Urban social positive
People move out London if there wasnt people moving into london at same time would decrease demand housing & cost of housing
129
5.7. east devon (counter urbanisation) (5)
Good transport links to London:
3km to exeter airport daily flight to London (130 miles away)
42 daily train services to London (fastest is 2h)
Met Office 0.5 km from M5 junction 29
Office rental cost per square foot = £9 compared to London £90
130
5.7 East Devon (pressure on housing) (3)
Higher population need more housing
2/5 East devon is an area outstanding natural beauty (can't build houses here due to planning control)
Demand of housing increases price
Average income (£350 per week in 2015), 10% below Uk average (£450), housing only 3% less than UK average (need more affordable housing)
131
5.7. East devon (population change) (4)
2014 gained 5000 migrants from rest of UK
As sunny & accessable 40% migrants move here
Increased inward flow of retired people
Increased family migrants
132
5.7. East Devon (leisure & recreational activities) (4)
Stunning coatline around Exmouth & Southmouth
World herritage site Jurrasic coast (some best fossils)
30 min West Dartmour National park (lost visitors on 3 day trips)
Lots pressure on roads (area is environmentally sensitive)
133
5.8 chalenges in rural areas suutounding london (employment) (2)
Primary sector (more machines less workes on farm e.g. Kent)
Secondary sector (e.g. Kent manurfacturing jobs decreased 30% since 1998)
134
5.8. Chalenges in rural areas surrounding London (housing) (6-9)
Affordability:
Increased price
Sevenoaks is most deprived area for housing
People originally there priced out
Demand:
Pressure build housing puts more green space at risk
Even though demand high planning control on green space stops increase in supply
Young people:
Leave area for higher education & employment
135
5.8. Chalenges in rural areas outside london (transport) (3)
Less elderly own car to get to shops/health care
Children travel long distance for school
Worse public transport as less paople use it (run less services when no tourists around)
136
5.8. Chalenges in rural areas (health care) (2)
Gp services small due to community size threaten close down e.g. kingsdown close in 2016
Ageing population needs more specific things e.g. care homes
137
5,8. Chalenges in rural areas outside london (schools) (2)
Less young people could shut down/have no secondary school e.g. Edenbridge
Less people of working age
138
5,8. Chalenges in rural areas outside london (supermarkets)
Force farmers lower prices due to their cheap imports
139
5,8. Oportunities in rural areas outside london (diversification)
Finding wider range activities enabling farm to survive
140
5,8. Oportunities in rural areas outside london (farm shops) (4)
Land kept as farmland has more variety in crops
More environmentally friendly than monoculture methods (plant 1 type crop usually large supermarkets)
Eu & Uk gov grant £200 000
Stran hill farm shop open in kent, sell produce to local area
141
5,8. Oportunities in rural areas outside london (rural accomadation) (6)
Tenner park kent now touring caravan & camping park
Caravan parks are unsightly
Higher pressure on natural environment as increase:
Water used
Energy used
Amount waste generated
142
5,8. Oportunities in rural areas outside london (farm visits) (6)
Hop farm kent:
Animal petting area
Children's rides
Place to eat
Built on land for car parks, vistitng facilities etc.
Increased trafic & air pollution
