5: The State & Society, Integration & Challenge Flashcards
Juarez
Great Trek
The Great Trek was an eastward and north-eastward migration during the 1830s and 1840s of the segment of Afrikaners (known as Boers or Boere (Dutch/Afrikaans for “farmers”), who descended from settlers from western mainland Europe, most notably from the Netherlands. In general in Europe these years (1840s-1900), people moved around (because they could—with invention of railroads and steamships). Historians have identified various contributing factors to the migrations of an estimated 12,000 Voortrekkers to the future Natal, Orange Free State and Transvaal regions. The primary motivations included discontent with the recently imposed British rule, its Anglicisation policies, restrictive laws on slavery and its eventual abolition, arrangements to compensate former slave owners, and the perceived indifference of British authorities to border conflicts along the Cape Colony’s eastern frontier. That Ordinance 50 (1828), which guaranteed equal legal rights to all “free persons of colour,” and prohibitions on inhumane treatment of workers, did spur on Boer migrations is documented by numerous contemporary source.
Indian Mutiny
The Indian Rebellion of 1857 was an armed uprising, mainly concentrated in north central India, against the British East India Company which occurred between early 1857 and mid 1858 (i.e. the years of Britain’s economic and colonial expansion).
The Indian Rebellion of 1857 had diverse political, economic, military, religious and social causes. The sepoys (from shepai, Bengali for soldier, used for native Indian soldiers) of the Bengal Army had their own list of grievances against the Company Raj, mainly caused by the ethnic gulf between the British officers and their Indian troops. The British had issued new gunpowder cartridges that were widely believed to be greased with cow or pig fat, which insulted both Hindus and Muslims.
Other than Indian units of the British East India Company’s army, much of the resistance came from the old aristocracy, who were seeing their power steadily eroded under the British. The Indians felt that the British were levying very heavy taxation on the locals. This included an increase in the taxation on land. This seems to have been the most important reason, keeping in view the speed at which the conflagration spread to the villages where farmers rushed to get back their unfairly grabbed title deeds
Opium Wars
The Opium Wars (Anglo-Chinese Wars), from 1839-1842 and 1856-1860, were the climax of a trade dispute between China and the United Kingdom.
British smuggling of opium from British India into China and the Chinese government’s efforts to enforce its drug laws erupted in conflict.
China’s defeat in both wars forced the government to tolerate the opium trade. The United Kingdom coerced the government into signing Unequal Treaties, opening several ports to foreign trade and yielding Hong Kong to Britain. Several countries followed Britain and forced unequal terms of trade onto China.
This humiliation at the hand of foreign powers contributed to the Taiping Rebellion (1850-1864), the Boxer Rebellion (1899-1901), and the eventual downfall of the Qing Dynasty in 1911
Meiji Restoration
The Meiji Restoration also known as the Meiji Ishin, Revolution, or Renewal, was a chain of events that led to enormous changes in Japan’s political and social structure and ushered in the Meiji era.
It occurred in the later half of the 19th century, a period that spans both the late Edo period and the beginning of the Meiji Era. The restoration was a direct response to the opening of Japan by the arrival of the Black Ships of Commodore Matthew Perry. This restoration made Imperial Japan a great power. The Meiji Restoration was the catalyst toward industrialization in Japan that led to the rise of the island nation as a military power by 1905, under the slogan of “Enrich the country, strengthen the military”.
Hatt-I Humayun
=Imperial Edict, Imperial Reform Edict, was a February 18, 1856 edict of the Ottoman government and part of the Tanzimat reforms: A universal Turkish national citizenship was created for all persons within the sultan’s territories.
The civil authority of the religious leaders, which had been very great, was abolished. Equality before the law and equal eligibilty for public office was guaranteed. Christians and Muslims alike could join the army, hitherto restricted to Moslems.
The decree from Sultan Abdülmecid promised equality in education, government appointments, and administration of justice to all regardless of creed. The decree is often seen as a result of French and British influence, for their help of the plagued Ottoman state against Russians in the Crimean War.
Joseph Chamberlain
The radical Joseph Chamberlain was an influential British businessman, politician, and statesman.
In his early years Chamberlain was a radically minded Liberal Party member, a campaigner for educational reform, and President of the Board of Trade. Despite never becoming Prime Minister, he is regarded as one of the most important British politicians of the late 19th century and early 20th century.
From 1873-75 he was the mayor of Birmingham. He ran the gas and water supplies as municipal undertakings. He initiated the first successful local program of slum clearance, public parks, and recreation grounds.
Chamberlain was mistrustful of central authority and burdensome bureaucracy, preferring to give local communities the responsibility to act on their own initiative. With the city’s gas and water supply under municipal control, Chamberlain undertook other schemes with the intention of improving the quality of life in Birmingham.
Franco-Italian tariff war
War of tariffs over wine between Italy and France from 1888-1892. The renewal of the treaty of commerce in 1888 had met great opposition from protectionists on both sides and the proposals made of either sides were counted as ridiculous. At length, both nations plunged into a war on tariffs. Former duties were doubled, tripled, quadrupled, or raised even higher. The Italians formed syndicates for selling their products in Germany and England. Proposals of peace came lastly from France ending in a new treaty of commerce. (From 1970 onwards, a number of European states such as Germany, Russia, France and Italy began steadily increasing restrictions on the import of foreign goods which were in competition with their domestic supply. This resulted in several tariff wars between these countries.)
Bakunin
Mikhail Alexandrovich Bakunin was a well-known Russian revolutionary.
In 1868, Bakunin joined the International Working Men’s Association, also known as the First International, a federation of radical and trade union organizations with sections in most European countries. The 1872 Congress was dominated by a fight between a faction around Marx who argued for participation in parliamentary elections and a faction around Bakunin who opposed such participation. The faction around Bakunin lost the vote on this issue, but at the end of the congress Bakunin and several others of that faction were expelled for supposedly maintaining a secret organisation within the international.
Second International
The Second International (1889-1916) was an organization formed in 1889 (after several years of preparation) by socialist and labour parties who wished to work together for international socialism. It continued the work of the dissolved First International, though excluding the still-powerful anarcho-syndicalist movement and unions, and was in existence until 1916.
Among the Second International’s most famous actions were its (1889) declaration of May 1 as International Labour Day and its (1910) declaration of March 8 as International Women’s Day.
The International’s permanent executive and information body was the International Socialist Bureau (I.S.B.), based in Brussels and formed after the International’s Paris Congress of 1900. Emile Vandervelde and Camille Huysmans of the Belgian Labour Party were its chair and secretary. Lenin was a member from 1905.
The Second International dissolved during World War I, in 1916, as the separate national parties that composed it did not maintain a unified front against the war, instead generally supporting their respective nations’ role.
Fabian Society
A British socialist intellectual movement, whose purpose is to advance the socialist cause by gradualist and reformist, rather than revolutionary means. It is best known for its initial ground-breaking work beginning in the late 19th century and then up to World War I. The society laid many of the foundations of the Labour Party during this period—in 1900 it combined with other societies and the swelling trade-union movement to found the future Labor Party.
Subsequently, it affected the policies of newly independent British colonies, especially India, and is still in existence today, one of 15 socialist societies affiliated to the Labour Party.
Gotha Program
The Gotha Program of 1875 largely reproduced the demands of one of the non-Marxist socialist parties that had just merged into the SPD. By the time of the Erfurt Program in 1871, the SPD had become Marxist. It was predicated on orthodox Marxist assumptions (reflected in the excerpt below) and called for sweeping radical change (such as the nationalization of the economy).
The Gotha program brought about the merger of the Lassalleans and Liebknechtians as the Sozialistische Arbeiterpartei Deutschlands (Socialist Labour Party) at Gotha in 1875. At the party congress, the Eisenachers planned to unite with the Lassallean faction to form a unified party later to become the powerful
German Social Democratic Party.
The Eisenachers sent the draft program for a united party to Marx for his comments. Marx found the program negatively affected by the influence of Ferdinand Lassalle, whom Marx regarded as an opportunist willing to limit the demands of the workers’ movement for concessions from the government. However, at the congress held in Gotha in late May 1875, the draft program was accepted with only minor alterations.
Georges Sorel
Georges Sorel was a French philosopher and theorist of revolutionary syndicalism.
Sorel expounded syndicalism as an economic and political theory in ca.1908. He combined Marx’s theories of dialectical materialism and class struggle with Nietzsche’s ideas of power and will, to make a unique theory of violence as the medium of change. Sorel had great poshumous significance as an apostle of irrationalism and violence in politics.
Rerum Novarum
Rerum novarum or Rights and Duties of Capital and Labor, is an encyclical issued by Pope Leo XIII in 1891. It is an open letter, passed to all Catholic patriarchs, primates, archbishops and bishops, that addressed the condition of the working classes.
It discusses the relationships and mutual duties between labor and capital, as well as government and its citizens. Of primary concern is the need for some amelioration of “the misery and wretchedness pressing so unjustly on the majority of the working class”. It supports the rights of labor to form unions, rejects both socialism and unrestricted capitalism, while affirming the right to private property.
Kulturkampf
The German term Kulturkampf (literally, “culture struggle”) refers to German policies in relation to secularity and the influence of the Roman Catholic Church, enacted by the Chancellor of the German Empire, Otto von Bismarck.
Until the mid-19th century, the Catholic Church was still also a political power. The Pope’s Papal States were supported by France but ceased to exist as an indirect result of the Franco-Prussian War. The Catholic Church still had a strong influence on many parts of life, though, even in Bismarck’s Protestant Prussia.
In the newly founded German Empire, Bismarck sought to bolster the power of the secular state and reduce the political and social influence of the Roman Catholic Church by instituting political control over Church activities.
The 1871 Kanzelparagraf (see below) marked the beginning of a series of sanctions against Catholicism that Bismarck imposed until 1875. To characterize Bismarck’s politics toward the Catholic church, the pathologist and member of the parliament of the Deutsche Fortschrittspartei (Progressive Liberals) Rudolf Virchow used the term Kulturkampf the first time on January 17, 1873 in the Prussian house of representatives.[1]
It is generally accepted amongst historians that the Kulturkampf measures targeted the Catholic Church under Pope Pius IX with discriminatory sanctions. Many historians also p
