5 - The mitotic cell cycle Flashcards
What is a chromatid?
One of 2 identical copies of a replicated chromosome, made up of a very long, condensed DNA molecule (made up of a series of genes)
What is the centromere?
The region of a chromosome that holds sister chromatids together. Serves as an attachment point for spindle microtubules during cell division.
What are chromosomes made up of?
Chromatin
What is a chromosome?
A structure within a cell containing DNA that has been packaged and organised into a more compact form. (Humans have 46 chromosomes, grouped into 23 pairs.)
What are sister chromatids?
2 (identical) chromatids that make up the double structure of a chromosome. joined at centromere.
What is chromatin?
The tightly coiled combination of DNA and histone proteins
What are histones?
Proteins which DNA is tightly wound around in order to condense DNA so it fits into the nucleus + is more space efficient.
What are telomeres? Refer to their structure.
Protective structures at the ends of the chromatids in chromosomes made of non-coding DNA (does not contain genes) that is made up of short base sequences that are repeated many times. One strand is rich in guanine and the other is rich in cytosine.
State the components that make up a chromosome.
DNA, histone proteins, sister chromatids, centromere, telomeres
What is the purpose of mitosis?
Produce 2 genetically identical daughter cells for:
Growth,
Cell replacement/tissue repair,
Asexual reproduction.
Does the cell continue growing during the nuclear division (mitosis) phase of the cell cycle?
No.
What does the S stand for in S phase?
Synthesis.
What does the G stand for in G1 and G2 phase?
Gap
How is the movement between phases of the cell cycle triggered?
Chemical signals called cyclins.
What happens during cytokinesis?
1 - Cell membrane cleavage furrow forms,
2 - Cell divides and one nucleus moves into each cell → two genetically identical daughter cells
* In animals - cytoplasm constricts between the 2 nuclei
* In plants - a new cell wall is formed.
Outline what happens during telophase
1 - Chromosomes decondense and can no longer be observed,
2 - New nuclear envelopes form around each set of chromosomes → two new nuclei, each with one copy of each chromosome
Outline what happens during anaphase
(Requires energy from ATP hydrolysis)
1 - Spindle fibres contract, centromeres divide,
2 - Sister chromatids separate into two distinct chromosomes and pulled to opposite poles of the cell (appear as ‘V’ shapes facing each other),
3 - spindle fibres break down.