5. The Body as a Whole Flashcards
1
Q
What is the Fundamental Unit of Life?
A
Cell
- Every human begins life as a single cell, a fertilized egg.
- The fertilized egg resulted from penetration of an egg by a sperm, each contributing 23 unpaired chromosomes, thus resulting in a total of 46 chromosomes (23 pairs) in humans.
-Rapid chemical changes in the membrane of the fertilized egg prevent the penetration of additional sperm.
-This single cell divides into 2 cells, then 4, 8, and so on, until maturity.
-Humans in the early stages of development until the end of the eighth week are referred to as embryos.
-During development, cells become specialized.
-Cells that have the ability to divide without limit and give rise to specialized cells are called stem cells. They are abundant in a fetus and in the cord blood of a newborn. Stem cells are used in bone marrow transplants and can be used in research for organ or tissue regeneration.
2
Q
What are the different types of somatic, or body, cells?
A
Nerve cells, muscle cells, and blood cells.
- In humans, each somatic cell has 23 pairs of chromosome.
- Somat+ic cells account for all the body’s cells except the reproductive cells—the sperm and eggs (ova).
-Somatic cells are surrounded by a cell membrane and have a nucleus that contains genetic information, cytoplasm (the liquid portion outside the nucleus), and organelles (cytoplasmic inclusions)
somat/o = body
3
Q
Groups of cells that perform the same basic activity are called?
A
tissues
4
Q
What are the Four Main Types of Tissue?
A
Epithelial tissue, Connective tissue, Muscular tissue, and Nervous tissue
5
Q
What are Epithelial tissue?
A
They form the covering of both internal and external surfaces (skin and lining of cavities). Cells are joined by small amounts of cementing substances.
6
Q
What are Connective tissue?
A
Connective tissue supports and binds other body tissue and parts (bone and fat cells, for example)
7
Q
What are Muscular tissue?
A
Muscular tissue is composed of fibers that are able to contract, causing movement of body parts and organs.
8
Q
What are Nervous tissue?
A
Nervous tissue conducts impulses that connect the brain and spinal cord with other parts of the body.
9
Q
______ 1. connective
A. conducting impulses
B. contracting
C. covering
D. supporting and protecting
A
supporting and protecting
10
Q
______ 2. epithelial
A. conducting impulses
B. contracting
C. covering
D. supporting and protecting
A
C. covering
11
Q
______ 4. nervous
A. conducting impulses
B. contracting
C. covering
D. supporting and protecting
A
A. conducting impulses
12
Q
______ 3. muscular
A. conducting impulses
B. contracting
C. covering
D. supporting and protecting
A
B. contracting
13
Q
Two or more tissue types that work together to perform one or more functions and form a more complex structure make up …
A
Organs
-The skin, stomach, and ear are examples of organs.
- A body system consists of several organs that work together to accomplish a set of functions.
14
Q
What are the MAJOR BODY SYSTEMS?
A
Mnemonic= MR DICE RUNS
Muscular system
Respiratory system
Digestive system
Integumentary system
Cardiovascular system
Endocrine system
Respiratory system
Urinary system
Nervous system
Skeletal system
15
Q
Major function of the Muscular system?
A
Makes movement possible
16
Q
Major function of the Skeletal system?
A
Provides protection, form, and shape for the body; stores minerals and forms some blood cells
17
Q
Major function of the Cardiovascular system?
A
Delivers oxygen, nutrients, and vital substances throughout the body; transports cellular waste products to the lungs and kidneys for excretion
18
Q
Major function of the Lymphatic system?
A
Helps maintain the internal fluid environment; produces some types of blood cells; regulates immunity
19
Q
Major function of the Respiratory system?
A
Brings oxygen into the body and removes carbon dioxide and some water waste
20
Q
Major function of the Digestive system?
A
Provides the body with water, nutrients, and minerals; removes solid wastes
21
Q
Major function of the Urinary system?
A
Filters blood to remove wastes of cellular metabolism; maintains the electrolyte and fluid balance
22
Q
Major function of the Reproductive system?
A
Facilitates procreation (producing offspring)
23
Q
Major function of the Integumentary system?
A
Provides external covering for protection; regulates body temperature and water content
24
Q
Major function of the Nervous system?
A
Coordinates the reception of stimuli; transmits messages to stimulate movement
25
Major function of the Endocrine system?
Secretes hormones and helps regulate body activities
26
Major function of the Endocrine system?
Secretes hormones and helps regulate body activities
27
The most complex level in the organizational scheme is the ...?
organism, the human body.
28
Homeo+stasis refers to...?
the constant internal environment that is naturally maintained by the body.
home/o = sameness
-stasis = controlling
Think of homeostasis as equilibrium.
29
ana-:
upward, excessive or again
30
-plasia:
development or formation of tissue
31
a+plasia:
The lack of development of an organ or tissue
32
dys+plasia:
Any abnormal development of tissues, recognized by cells that differ in size, shape, and appearance
33
hypo+plasia:
Underdevelopment of an organ or a tissue; less severe than aplasia
34
hyper+plasia:
An abnormal increase in the number of normal cells in tissue
35
hyper+trophy:
An increase in the size of an organ caused by an increase in the size of existing cells rather than the number of cells (as in hyperplasia). Fig. 5.6 shows a comparison of the two terms.
36
a- =
-plasia =
dys- =
hypo- =
hyper- =
a- = without
-plasia = formation or development
dys- = bad
hypo- = below normal
hyper- = above normal
37
Ana+plasia:
(in this case, meaning upward, or an earlier stage of development) refers to a change in the structure and orientation of cells, characterized by a loss of differentiation and reversal to a more primitive form. The microscopic appearance of cells from a malignant tumor shows new features that are not characteristic of their tissue of origin.
38
______ increase in size of an organ due to an increase in the number of normal cells
A. aplasia
B. hyperplasia
C. hypertrophy
D. hypoplasia
B. hyperplasia
39
______ increase in the size of an organ caused by an increase in the size of the cells
A. aplasia
B. hyperplasia
C. hypertrophy
D. hypoplasia
C. hypertrophy
40
______ lack of development
A. aplasia
B. hyperplasia
C. hypertrophy
D. hypoplasia
A. aplasia
41
______ underdevelopment
A. aplasia
B. hyperplasia
C. hypertrophy
D. hypoplasia
D. hypoplasia
42
trans- =
trans- = across
43
What plane divides the body into front and back portions?
frontal (coronal) plane
44
What plane divides divides the body into upper and lower portions?
transverse plane
45
What divides the body into right and left sides?
sagittal plane
46
What plane divides the body into two equal halves?
A midsagittal plane
47
anter/o = front
anterior (front)
nearer to or toward the front; ventral
48
poster/o = behind
posterior (behind)
nearer to or toward the back; dorsal; situated behind
49
later/o = side
lateral (side)
toward the side; denoting a position farther from the midline of the body or from a structure
50
medi/o = middle
medial (middle)
middle or nearer the middle; the prefix mid- also means middle
51
super/o = uppermost
superior (uppermost)
uppermost or above
52
infer/o = lowermost
inferior (lowermost)
lowermost or below
53
ventr/o
ventral
belly side; same as anterior surface in humans
54
dors/o
dorsal
directed toward or situated on the back side; same as posterior surface in humans
55
proxim/o
proximal
nearer the origin or point of attachment
56
dist/o
distal
far or distant from the origin or point of attachment
57
cephal/o
cephalad
toward the head
58
caud/o
caudad
toward the tail or in an inferior direction in humans
59
intern/o
internal
inside, within (L., internus)
60
extern/o
external
outside (L., externus)
61
anteromedian: located in front and toward the middle
CF: anter/o, front
CF: medi/o, middle
62
posteroexternal: situated on the outer side of a posterior aspect
CF: poster/o, back
CF: extern/o, outside
63
posteromedian: situated in the middle of the back
CF: poster/o, back
CF: medi/o, middle
64
dorsolateral: pertaining to the back and the side
CF: dors/o, back
CF: later/o, side
65
posterolateral: pertaining to a position behind and to the side
CF: poster/o, back
CF: later/o, side
66
anterolateral: pertaining to the front and one side
CF: anter/o, front
CF: later/o, side
67
mediolateral: pertaining to the middle and one side
CF: medi/o, middle
CF: later/o, side
68
anterosuperior: indicates a position in front and above
CF: anter/o, front
CF: super/o, above
69
posterosuperior: indicates a position behind and above
CF: poster/o, behind
CF: super/o, above
70
inferomedian: situated in the middle of the underside
CF: infer/o, under
CF: medi/o, middle
71
Term: anterior
Opposite term:
Posterior
72
Term: proximal
Opposite term:
distal
73
Term: proximal
Opposite term:
distal
74
Term: ventral (in humans)
Opposite term:
dorsal
75
The body is facing forward in the anatomic position. Anterior means toward the front; therefore the anatomic position refers to the _____________________ aspect, or front of the body. Antero+superior means in front of and at a higher level.
anterior
76
Postero+internal means situated toward the _____________________ and the inner side.
back
77
In radiology, directional terms are used to specify the direction of the x-ray beam from its source to its exit surface before striking the image receptor. In an antero+posterior projection, the x-ray beam strikes the anterior aspect of the body first. In other words, the beam passes from the _____________________ of the body to the back.
front
78
Postero+anterior means from the posterior to the anterior surface; in other words, from _____________________ to front. (Fig. 5.10 shows three radiographic positions.)
back
79
Dorsal also means directed toward or situated on the back side. Dorso+ventral pertains to the _____________________ and belly surfaces. Dorsoventral sometimes means passing from the back to the belly surface. For example, the path of a bullet resulting from a shot in the back could be described as dorsoventral.
back
80
The term for belly side is _____________________.
ventral
81
In humans, the ventral surface is the same as the _____________________ aspect of the body.
anterior
82
Similarly, the dorsal surface in humans is the same as the _____________________ aspect of the body.
posterior
83
Two terms that mean middle are medial and _____________________
median
84
Caudad means toward the tail. Caud+al means pertaining to the _____________________ or to a tail-like structure. Sometimes caudal is also used to mean inferior in position.
tail
85
Proximal describes the position of structures that are nearer their origin or point of attachment. The combining form proxim/o is used in words that refer to proximal, or _____________________.
near
86
The proximal end of the thigh bone joins with the hip bone. This means that the proximal end of the thigh bone is _____________________ the hip bone than is the other end of the thigh bone.
nearer
87
Distal is the opposite of proximal. Distal means far or distant. It also means away from the origin or point of attachment. The lower end of the thigh bone is _____________________ to the hip bone.
distal
88
Distal is derived from the same word root as distant, which should help you to remember the term. The combining form tel/e also means distant. A tele+cardio+gram, for example, is a tracing of the electrical impulses of the heart recorded by a machine _____________________ from the patient.
distant
89
Telecardiograms can be sent by telephone. With a _____________________________, the cardiologist and the patient may be in different cities.
telecardiogram
90
Physicians rely on additional positions for examination or surgery. Prone and supine are terms used to describe the position of a person who is lying on the belly (with the face down or to either side) and lying on the back, respectively (Fig. 5.11). If a person is supine, is the face turned up or downward? _____________________
up
91
Pronation and supination are generally used to indicate positioning of the hands and feet, but their complete meanings include the act of lying on the belly versus lying on the back. Pronation of the arm is the rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces downward. Supination is the rotation of a joint that allows the hand or foot to turn upward. Compare pronation and supination of the wrist in Fig. 5.12, A. Supination of the elbow and wrist joints allows the palm to turn _____________________. Think of supination as “palms up so I can hold a cup of soup.” Pronation is the opposite: palms down.
up
92
Recumbent means lying down. The patient assumes the lateral recumbent position (Fig. 5.12, B) by lying on the side because lateral means pertaining to the _____________________. Ambulant describes a person who is able to walk. It is also correct to say that the person is ambulatory. Ambulation means walking.
side
93
The body has two major cavities, which are spaces within the body that contain internal organs. The two principal body cavities are the___________ , located near the posterior part of the body, and the ___________ located near the anterior part (Fig. 5.13).
dorsal cavity,
ventral cavity
94
What does the dorsal cavity divided into?
cranial and spinal.
The cranial contains the brain
The spinal contains the spinal cord and the beginnings of the spinal nerves.
95
What does the ventral cavity divided into?
Large organs contained in the ventral cavity are called viscera.
The ventral cavity is subdivided into the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic (abdominal and pelvic) cavity.
The muscular diaphragm divides the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.
thorac/o = chest
The abdominopelvic cavity can be thought of as a single cavity or as two cavities, the abdominal and pelvic cavities, although no wall separates them.
A membrane called the periton+eum lines the abdominopelvic cavity and enfolds the internal organs (Fig. 5.14). As do all serous membranes, the peritoneum secretes a lubricating fluid that allows the organs to glide against one another or against the cavity wall. A sticking together of two structures that are normally separated is called an adhesion. Abdominal adhesions are usually caused by inflammation or trauma (injury) and are treated surgically if they cause intestinal obstruction or excessive discomfort (see Fig. 11.18).
periton/o = peritoneum
-eum = membrane
96
abdominopelvic cavity
A. dorsal cavity
B. ventral cavity
ventral cavity
97
cranial cavity
A. dorsal cavity
B. ventral cavity
dorsal cavity
98
spinal cavity
A. dorsal cavity
B. ventral cavity
dorsal cavity
99
thoracic cavity
A. dorsal cavity
B. ventral cavity
ventral cavity
100
What are the major regions of the body?
* Head- brain and special sense organs, such as the mouth, the nose, the eyes, and the ears. Our senses include sight, hearing, smell, taste, touch, and pressure
* Neck- the neck connects the head with the torso
* Torso- includes the chest, abdomen, and pelvis. Torso is also called the trunk.
* Extremities- The arms, wrists, hands, and fingers make up the upper extremities. The thighs, knees, legs, ankles, feet, and toes make up the lower extremities.
101
CF: abdomin/o
Meaning:
abdomen
the portion of the body trunk that is located between the chest and the pelvis. The division of the abdomen into quadrants is the convenient method of using imaginary lines to divide the abdomen into regions.
102
CF: acr/o
Meaning:
extremities (arms and legs)
103
CF:
Meaning:
104
CF: blephar/o
Meaning:
eyelid
105
CF: cyst/o
Meaning:
cyst, bladder, or sac
106
CF: dactyl/o
Meaning:
digit (toes, fingers, or both)
107
CF: lapar/o
Meaning:
abdominal wall
108
CF: omphal/o, umbilic/o
Meaning:
umbilicus (navel)
109
CF: onych/o
Meaning:
nail
110
CF: pelv/i
Meaning:
pelvis
111
CF: periton/o
Meaning:
peritoneum
112
CF: som/a, somat/o
Meaning:
body
113
CF: thorac/o
Meaning:
chest (thorax)
114
abdominal wall
CF:
CF: som/a, somat/o
115
digit
CF:
CF: dactyl/o
116
extremities
CF:
CF: acr/o
117
eyelid
CF:
CF: blephar/o
118
nail
CF:
CF: onych/o
119
chest
CF:
CF: thorac/o
The chest is also called the thorax.
120
umbilicus
CF:
CF: Omphal/o, umbilic/o
121
What does acral pertain to?
pertaining to the extremities of the body (arms and legs).
122
Acro+dermat+itis is
dermatitis of the extremities.
123
acro+cyan+osis is
cyanosis of the extremities, the arms and legs appear bluish
124
acrohypothermy is
Abnormal coldness of the extremities
acr/o = extremities
hypo- = below normal
therm/o = temperature
125
Acromegaly is
a disorder in which there is abnormal enlargement of the body extremities, including the nose, jaws, fingers, and toes, caused by hypersecretion of growth hormone after maturity
126
What are the four abdominal quadrants?
the right upper quadrant (RUQ), left upper quadrant (LUQ), right lower quadrant (RLQ), and left lower quadrant (LLQ
127
Thoracic means pertaining to
chest.
Thoracic surgery is another way of saying “chest surgery.”
128
thoracocentesis, thoracentesis is
Surgical puncture of the chest wall for aspiration of fluids
129
What is the lower portion of the body trunk?
the pelvis
In cephalopelvic disproportion, the head of the fetus is too large for the pelvis of the mother. In such cases, vaginal delivery is difficult or impossible.
cephal/o = head
pelv/i = pelvis
130
Abdomino+centesis is
usually called abdominal paracentesis, is a surgical procedure that is performed to remove excess fluids from the abdominal cavity or to inject a therapeutic agent
abdomin/o = abdomen
-centesis = surgical puncture
131
Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity is called
ascites.
132
Periton+itis can result in what 3 ways?
1. infectious microorganisms gain access by way of surgical incisions
2. by the rupture o perforation of viscera
3. associated structures (as in rupture of the appendix).
periton/o = peritoneum
-itis = inflammation
133
omphalo+cele is
congenital herniation of the navel
omphal/o = umbilicus
-cele = hernia
134
Types of hernia include
umbilical, femoral, incisional, and inguinal
135
acral- pertaining to the extremities (arms and legs)
CF: acr/o, extremities
Meaning: -al, pertaining to
136
blepharal: pertaining to the eyelid
blephar/o: eyelid;
-al: pertaining to
137
blepharoplasty- surgical repair of one or both eyelids
blephar/o: eyelid;
-plasty: surgical repair
138
blepharoplegia- paralysis of one or both eyelids
blephar/o: eyelid;
-plegia: paralysis
139
blepharospasm- twitching of the eyelid
blephar/o: eyelid;
-spasm: twitching
140
blepharotomy- incision of the eyelid
blephar/o: eyelid;
-tomy: incision
141
cephalgia, cephalodynia- pain in the head; headache
cephal/o: head;
-algia, -dynia: pain
142
cephalometry- measurement of the dimensions of the head
cephal/o: head
-metry: measurement
143
laparotomy- incision into the abdominal wall
lapar/o: abdominal wall;
-tomy: incision
144
laparoscopy- examination of the interior of the abdominal wall
lapar/o: abdominal wall;
-scopy: examination
145
laparoscope- an instrument that is inserted into the peritoneal cavity to inspect it
lapar/o: abdominal wall;
-scope: instrument used for viewing
146
omphalic, umbilical- pertaining to the umbilicus
omphal/o umbilic/o: umbilicus;
-ic, -al: pertaining to
147
omphalitis- inflammation of the umbilicus
omphal/o: umbilicus;
-itis: inflammation
148
omphalorrhagia- umbilical hemorrhage
omphal/o: umbilicus;
-rrhagia: hemorrhage
149
omphalorrhexis- rupture of the umbilicus
omphal/o: umbilicus;
-rrhexis: rupture
150
cyanosis of the extremities
acrocyanosis
151
examination of the interior of the abdomen
laparoscopy
152
inflammation of the peritoneum
peritonitis
153
measurement of the head
cephalometry
154
pertaining to the abdomen and the chest
abdominothoracic
155
pertaining to the arms and legs
acral
156
plastic surgery of the eyelid
blepharoplasty
157
rupture of the umbilicus
omphalorrhexis
158
shortened term for thoracocentesis
thoracentesis
159
surgical incision of the chest wall
thoracotomy
160
pertaining to the head of the fetus and maternal pelvis
cephalopelvic
161
abnormal accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity
ascites
162
herniation of the umbilicus
omphalocele
163
abnormal coldness of the extremities
acrohypothermy
164
dactyl/o
often used in words that pertain to the fingers and toes.
165
Dactylo+graphy is
the study of fingerprints
166
Dactylospasm
cramping of a finger or toe.
167
dactylitis is
Inflammation of the bones of the fingers and toes
168
Chiro+pody means
pertaining to the hands and feet.
169
chiropodist is
a specialist who treats corns, bunions, and other afflictions of the hands and feet.
170
chirospasm is
Cramping of the hand, such as writer's cramp
171
Plastic surgery of the hand is
chiroplasty.
172
An onycho+phag+ist is
someone who habitually bites the nails.
onych/o = nails
phag/o = eat
-ist = one who
173
Onychopathy is
any disease of the nails
174
onycho+myc+osis
means a disease of the nails caused by a fungus.
175
Surgical removal of the nail is
onychectomy, which also means declawing of an animal.
