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medical terminology > 5. The Body as a Whole > Flashcards

5. The Body as a Whole Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What is the Fundamental Unit of Life?

A

Cell

  • Every human begins life as a single cell, a fertilized egg.
  • The fertilized egg resulted from penetration of an egg by a sperm, each contributing 23 unpaired chromosomes, thus resulting in a total of 46 chromosomes (23 pairs) in humans.

-Rapid chemical changes in the membrane of the fertilized egg prevent the penetration of additional sperm.

-This single cell divides into 2 cells, then 4, 8, and so on, until maturity.

-Humans in the early stages of development until the end of the eighth week are referred to as embryos.

-During development, cells become specialized.

-Cells that have the ability to divide without limit and give rise to specialized cells are called stem cells. They are abundant in a fetus and in the cord blood of a newborn. Stem cells are used in bone marrow transplants and can be used in research for organ or tissue regeneration.

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2
Q

What are the different types of somatic, or body, cells?

A

Nerve cells, muscle cells, and blood cells.

  • In humans, each somatic cell has 23 pairs of chromosome.
  • Somat+ic cells account for all the body’s cells except the reproductive cells—the sperm and eggs (ova).

-Somatic cells are surrounded by a cell membrane and have a nucleus that contains genetic information, cytoplasm (the liquid portion outside the nucleus), and organelles (cytoplasmic inclusions)

somat/o = body

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3
Q

Groups of cells that perform the same basic activity are called?

A

tissues

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4
Q

What are the Four Main Types of Tissue?

A

Epithelial tissue, Connective tissue, Muscular tissue, and Nervous tissue

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5
Q

What are Epithelial tissue?

A

They form the covering of both internal and external surfaces (skin and lining of cavities). Cells are joined by small amounts of cementing substances.

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6
Q

What are Connective tissue?

A

Connective tissue supports and binds other body tissue and parts (bone and fat cells, for example)

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7
Q

What are Muscular tissue?

A

Muscular tissue is composed of fibers that are able to contract, causing movement of body parts and organs.

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8
Q

What are Nervous tissue?

A

Nervous tissue conducts impulses that connect the brain and spinal cord with other parts of the body.

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9
Q

______ 1. connective

A. conducting impulses

B. contracting

C. covering

D. supporting and protecting

A

supporting and protecting

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10
Q

______ 2. epithelial

A. conducting impulses

B. contracting

C. covering

D. supporting and protecting

A

C. covering

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11
Q

______ 4. nervous

A. conducting impulses

B. contracting

C. covering

D. supporting and protecting

A

A. conducting impulses

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12
Q

______ 3. muscular

A. conducting impulses

B. contracting

C. covering

D. supporting and protecting

A

B. contracting

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13
Q

Two or more tissue types that work together to perform one or more functions and form a more complex structure make up …

A

Organs

-The skin, stomach, and ear are examples of organs.

  • A body system consists of several organs that work together to accomplish a set of functions.
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14
Q

What are the MAJOR BODY SYSTEMS?

A

Mnemonic= MR DICE RUNS

Muscular system
Respiratory system

Digestive system
Integumentary system
Cardiovascular system
Endocrine system

Respiratory system
Urinary system
Nervous system
Skeletal system

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15
Q

Major function of the Muscular system?

A

Makes movement possible

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16
Q

Major function of the Skeletal system?

A

Provides protection, form, and shape for the body; stores minerals and forms some blood cells

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17
Q

Major function of the Cardiovascular system?

A

Delivers oxygen, nutrients, and vital substances throughout the body; transports cellular waste products to the lungs and kidneys for excretion

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18
Q

Major function of the Lymphatic system?

A

Helps maintain the internal fluid environment; produces some types of blood cells; regulates immunity

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19
Q

Major function of the Respiratory system?

A

Brings oxygen into the body and removes carbon dioxide and some water waste

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20
Q

Major function of the Digestive system?

A

Provides the body with water, nutrients, and minerals; removes solid wastes

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21
Q

Major function of the Urinary system?

A

Filters blood to remove wastes of cellular metabolism; maintains the electrolyte and fluid balance

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22
Q

Major function of the Reproductive system?

A

Facilitates procreation (producing offspring)

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23
Q

Major function of the Integumentary system?

A

Provides external covering for protection; regulates body temperature and water content

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24
Q

Major function of the Nervous system?

A

Coordinates the reception of stimuli; transmits messages to stimulate movement

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25
Q

Major function of the Endocrine system?

A

Secretes hormones and helps regulate body activities

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26
Q

Major function of the Endocrine system?

A

Secretes hormones and helps regulate body activities

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27
Q

The most complex level in the organizational scheme is the …?

A

organism, the human body.

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28
Q

Homeo+stasis refers to…?

A

the constant internal environment that is naturally maintained by the body.

home/o = sameness

-stasis = controlling

Think of homeostasis as equilibrium.

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29
Q

ana-:

A

upward, excessive or again

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30
Q

-plasia:

A

development or formation of tissue

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31
Q

a+plasia:

A

The lack of development of an organ or tissue

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32
Q

dys+plasia:

A

Any abnormal development of tissues, recognized by cells that differ in size, shape, and appearance

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33
Q

hypo+plasia:

A

Underdevelopment of an organ or a tissue; less severe than aplasia

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34
Q

hyper+plasia:

A

An abnormal increase in the number of normal cells in tissue

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35
Q

hyper+trophy:

A

An increase in the size of an organ caused by an increase in the size of existing cells rather than the number of cells (as in hyperplasia). Fig. 5.6 shows a comparison of the two terms.

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36
Q

a- =

-plasia =

dys- =

hypo- =

hyper- =

A

a- = without

-plasia = formation or development

dys- = bad

hypo- = below normal

hyper- = above normal

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37
Q

Ana+plasia:

A

(in this case, meaning upward, or an earlier stage of development) refers to a change in the structure and orientation of cells, characterized by a loss of differentiation and reversal to a more primitive form. The microscopic appearance of cells from a malignant tumor shows new features that are not characteristic of their tissue of origin.

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38
Q

______ increase in size of an organ due to an increase in the number of normal cells

A. aplasia

B. hyperplasia

C. hypertrophy

D. hypoplasia

A

B. hyperplasia

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39
Q

______ increase in the size of an organ caused by an increase in the size of the cells

A. aplasia

B. hyperplasia

C. hypertrophy

D. hypoplasia

A

C. hypertrophy

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40
Q

______ lack of development

A. aplasia

B. hyperplasia

C. hypertrophy

D. hypoplasia

A

A. aplasia

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41
Q

______ underdevelopment

A. aplasia

B. hyperplasia

C. hypertrophy

D. hypoplasia

A

D. hypoplasia

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42
Q

trans- =

A

trans- = across

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43
Q

What plane divides the body into front and back portions?

A

frontal (coronal) plane

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44
Q

What plane divides divides the body into upper and lower portions?

A

transverse plane

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45
Q

What divides the body into right and left sides?

A

sagittal plane

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46
Q

What plane divides the body into two equal halves?

A

A midsagittal plane

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47
Q

anter/o = front

A

anterior (front)

nearer to or toward the front; ventral

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48
Q

poster/o = behind

A

posterior (behind)

nearer to or toward the back; dorsal; situated behind

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49
Q

later/o = side

A

lateral (side)

toward the side; denoting a position farther from the midline of the body or from a structure

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50
Q

medi/o = middle

A

medial (middle)

middle or nearer the middle; the prefix mid- also means middle

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51
Q

super/o = uppermost

A

superior (uppermost)

uppermost or above

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52
Q

infer/o = lowermost

A

inferior (lowermost)

lowermost or below

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53
Q

ventr/o

A

ventral

belly side; same as anterior surface in humans

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54
Q

dors/o

A

dorsal

directed toward or situated on the back side; same as posterior surface in humans

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55
Q

proxim/o

A

proximal

nearer the origin or point of attachment

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56
Q

dist/o

A

distal

far or distant from the origin or point of attachment

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57
Q

cephal/o

A

cephalad

toward the head

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58
Q

caud/o

A

caudad

toward the tail or in an inferior direction in humans

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59
Q

intern/o

A

internal

inside, within (L., internus)

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60
Q

extern/o

A

external

outside (L., externus)

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61
Q

anteromedian: located in front and toward the middle

A

CF: anter/o, front
CF: medi/o, middle

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62
Q

posteroexternal: situated on the outer side of a posterior aspect

A

CF: poster/o, back
CF: extern/o, outside

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63
Q

posteromedian: situated in the middle of the back

A

CF: poster/o, back
CF: medi/o, middle

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64
Q

dorsolateral: pertaining to the back and the side

A

CF: dors/o, back
CF: later/o, side

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65
Q

posterolateral: pertaining to a position behind and to the side

A

CF: poster/o, back
CF: later/o, side

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66
Q

anterolateral: pertaining to the front and one side

A

CF: anter/o, front
CF: later/o, side

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67
Q

mediolateral: pertaining to the middle and one side

A

CF: medi/o, middle
CF: later/o, side

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68
Q

anterosuperior: indicates a position in front and above

A

CF: anter/o, front
CF: super/o, above

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69
Q

posterosuperior: indicates a position behind and above

A

CF: poster/o, behind
CF: super/o, above

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70
Q

inferomedian: situated in the middle of the underside

A

CF: infer/o, under
CF: medi/o, middle

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71
Q

Term: anterior

Opposite term:

A

Posterior

72
Q

Term: proximal
Opposite term:

A

distal

73
Q

Term: proximal
Opposite term:

A

distal

74
Q

Term: ventral (in humans)
Opposite term:

A

dorsal

75
Q

The body is facing forward in the anatomic position. Anterior means toward the front; therefore the anatomic position refers to the _____________________ aspect, or front of the body. Antero+superior means in front of and at a higher level.

A

anterior

76
Q

Postero+internal means situated toward the _____________________ and the inner side.

A

back

77
Q

In radiology, directional terms are used to specify the direction of the x-ray beam from its source to its exit surface before striking the image receptor. In an antero+posterior projection, the x-ray beam strikes the anterior aspect of the body first. In other words, the beam passes from the _____________________ of the body to the back.

A

front

78
Q

Postero+anterior means from the posterior to the anterior surface; in other words, from _____________________ to front. (Fig. 5.10 shows three radiographic positions.)

A

back

79
Q

Dorsal also means directed toward or situated on the back side. Dorso+ventral pertains to the _____________________ and belly surfaces. Dorsoventral sometimes means passing from the back to the belly surface. For example, the path of a bullet resulting from a shot in the back could be described as dorsoventral.

A

back

80
Q

The term for belly side is _____________________.

A

ventral

81
Q

In humans, the ventral surface is the same as the _____________________ aspect of the body.

A

anterior

82
Q

Similarly, the dorsal surface in humans is the same as the _____________________ aspect of the body.

A

posterior

83
Q

Two terms that mean middle are medial and _____________________

A

median

84
Q

Caudad means toward the tail. Caud+al means pertaining to the _____________________ or to a tail-like structure. Sometimes caudal is also used to mean inferior in position.

A

tail

85
Q

Proximal describes the position of structures that are nearer their origin or point of attachment. The combining form proxim/o is used in words that refer to proximal, or _____________________.

A

near

86
Q

The proximal end of the thigh bone joins with the hip bone. This means that the proximal end of the thigh bone is _____________________ the hip bone than is the other end of the thigh bone.

A

nearer

87
Q

Distal is the opposite of proximal. Distal means far or distant. It also means away from the origin or point of attachment. The lower end of the thigh bone is _____________________ to the hip bone.

A

distal

88
Q

Distal is derived from the same word root as distant, which should help you to remember the term. The combining form tel/e also means distant. A tele+cardio+gram, for example, is a tracing of the electrical impulses of the heart recorded by a machine _____________________ from the patient.

A

distant

89
Q

Telecardiograms can be sent by telephone. With a _____________________________, the cardiologist and the patient may be in different cities.

A

telecardiogram

90
Q

Physicians rely on additional positions for examination or surgery. Prone and supine are terms used to describe the position of a person who is lying on the belly (with the face down or to either side) and lying on the back, respectively (Fig. 5.11). If a person is supine, is the face turned up or downward? _____________________

A

up

91
Q

Pronation and supination are generally used to indicate positioning of the hands and feet, but their complete meanings include the act of lying on the belly versus lying on the back. Pronation of the arm is the rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces downward. Supination is the rotation of a joint that allows the hand or foot to turn upward. Compare pronation and supination of the wrist in Fig. 5.12, A. Supination of the elbow and wrist joints allows the palm to turn _____________________. Think of supination as “palms up so I can hold a cup of soup.” Pronation is the opposite: palms down.

A

up

92
Q

Recumbent means lying down. The patient assumes the lateral recumbent position (Fig. 5.12, B) by lying on the side because lateral means pertaining to the _____________________. Ambulant describes a person who is able to walk. It is also correct to say that the person is ambulatory. Ambulation means walking.

A

side

93
Q

The body has two major cavities, which are spaces within the body that contain internal organs. The two principal body cavities are the___________ , located near the posterior part of the body, and the ___________ located near the anterior part (Fig. 5.13).

A

dorsal cavity,
ventral cavity

94
Q

What does the dorsal cavity divided into?

A

cranial and spinal.

The cranial contains the brain

The spinal contains the spinal cord and the beginnings of the spinal nerves.

95
Q

What does the ventral cavity divided into?

A

Large organs contained in the ventral cavity are called viscera.

The ventral cavity is subdivided into the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic (abdominal and pelvic) cavity.

The muscular diaphragm divides the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.

thorac/o = chest

The abdominopelvic cavity can be thought of as a single cavity or as two cavities, the abdominal and pelvic cavities, although no wall separates them.

A membrane called the periton+eum lines the abdominopelvic cavity and enfolds the internal organs (Fig. 5.14). As do all serous membranes, the peritoneum secretes a lubricating fluid that allows the organs to glide against one another or against the cavity wall. A sticking together of two structures that are normally separated is called an adhesion. Abdominal adhesions are usually caused by inflammation or trauma (injury) and are treated surgically if they cause intestinal obstruction or excessive discomfort (see Fig. 11.18).

periton/o = peritoneum

-eum = membrane

96
Q

abdominopelvic cavity

A. dorsal cavity

B. ventral cavity

A

ventral cavity

97
Q

cranial cavity

A. dorsal cavity

B. ventral cavity

A

dorsal cavity

98
Q

spinal cavity

A. dorsal cavity

B. ventral cavity

A

dorsal cavity

99
Q

thoracic cavity

A. dorsal cavity

B. ventral cavity

A

ventral cavity

100
Q

What are the major regions of the body?

A
  • Head- brain and special sense organs, such as the mouth, the nose, the eyes, and the ears. Our senses include sight, hearing, smell, taste, touch, and pressure
  • Neck- the neck connects the head with the torso
  • Torso- includes the chest, abdomen, and pelvis. Torso is also called the trunk.
  • Extremities- The arms, wrists, hands, and fingers make up the upper extremities. The thighs, knees, legs, ankles, feet, and toes make up the lower extremities.
101
Q

CF: abdomin/o

Meaning:

A

abdomen

the portion of the body trunk that is located between the chest and the pelvis. The division of the abdomen into quadrants is the convenient method of using imaginary lines to divide the abdomen into regions.

102
Q

CF: acr/o
Meaning:

A

extremities (arms and legs)

103
Q

CF:
Meaning:

A
104
Q

CF: blephar/o
Meaning:

A

eyelid

105
Q

CF: cyst/o

Meaning:

A

cyst, bladder, or sac

106
Q

CF: dactyl/o

Meaning:

A

digit (toes, fingers, or both)

107
Q

CF: lapar/o

Meaning:

A

abdominal wall

108
Q

CF: omphal/o, umbilic/o

Meaning:

A

umbilicus (navel)

109
Q

CF: onych/o

Meaning:

A

nail

110
Q

CF: pelv/i

Meaning:

A

pelvis

111
Q

CF: periton/o

Meaning:

A

peritoneum

112
Q

CF: som/a, somat/o

Meaning:

A

body

113
Q

CF: thorac/o

Meaning:

A

chest (thorax)

114
Q

abdominal wall

CF:

A

CF: som/a, somat/o

115
Q

digit

CF:

A

CF: dactyl/o

116
Q

extremities

CF:

A

CF: acr/o

117
Q

eyelid

CF:

A

CF: blephar/o

118
Q

nail

CF:

A

CF: onych/o

119
Q

chest

CF:

A

CF: thorac/o

The chest is also called the thorax.

120
Q

umbilicus

CF:

A

CF: Omphal/o, umbilic/o

121
Q

What does acral pertain to?

A

pertaining to the extremities of the body (arms and legs).

122
Q

Acro+dermat+itis is

A

dermatitis of the extremities.

123
Q

acro+cyan+osis is

A

cyanosis of the extremities, the arms and legs appear bluish

124
Q

acrohypothermy is

A

Abnormal coldness of the extremities

acr/o = extremities
hypo- = below normal
therm/o = temperature

125
Q

Acromegaly is

A

a disorder in which there is abnormal enlargement of the body extremities, including the nose, jaws, fingers, and toes, caused by hypersecretion of growth hormone after maturity

126
Q

What are the four abdominal quadrants?

A

the right upper quadrant (RUQ), left upper quadrant (LUQ), right lower quadrant (RLQ), and left lower quadrant (LLQ

127
Q

Thoracic means pertaining to

A

chest.

Thoracic surgery is another way of saying “chest surgery.”

128
Q

thoracocentesis, thoracentesis is

A

Surgical puncture of the chest wall for aspiration of fluids

129
Q

What is the lower portion of the body trunk?

A

the pelvis

In cephalopelvic disproportion, the head of the fetus is too large for the pelvis of the mother. In such cases, vaginal delivery is difficult or impossible.

cephal/o = head

pelv/i = pelvis

130
Q

Abdomino+centesis is

A

usually called abdominal paracentesis, is a surgical procedure that is performed to remove excess fluids from the abdominal cavity or to inject a therapeutic agent

abdomin/o = abdomen

-centesis = surgical puncture

131
Q

Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity is called

A

ascites.

132
Q

Periton+itis can result in what 3 ways?

A
  1. infectious microorganisms gain access by way of surgical incisions
  2. by the rupture o perforation of viscera
  3. associated structures (as in rupture of the appendix).

periton/o = peritoneum

-itis = inflammation

133
Q

omphalo+cele is

A

congenital herniation of the navel

omphal/o = umbilicus

-cele = hernia

134
Q

Types of hernia include

A

umbilical, femoral, incisional, and inguinal

135
Q

acral- pertaining to the extremities (arms and legs)

A

CF: acr/o, extremities

Meaning: -al, pertaining to

136
Q

blepharal: pertaining to the eyelid

A

blephar/o: eyelid;

-al: pertaining to

137
Q

blepharoplasty- surgical repair of one or both eyelids

A

blephar/o: eyelid;

-plasty: surgical repair

138
Q

blepharoplegia- paralysis of one or both eyelids

A

blephar/o: eyelid;

-plegia: paralysis

139
Q

blepharospasm- twitching of the eyelid

A

blephar/o: eyelid;

-spasm: twitching

140
Q

blepharotomy- incision of the eyelid

A

blephar/o: eyelid;

-tomy: incision

141
Q

cephalgia, cephalodynia- pain in the head; headache

A

cephal/o: head;

-algia, -dynia: pain

142
Q

cephalometry- measurement of the dimensions of the head

A

cephal/o: head

-metry: measurement

143
Q

laparotomy- incision into the abdominal wall

A

lapar/o: abdominal wall;

-tomy: incision

144
Q

laparoscopy- examination of the interior of the abdominal wall

A

lapar/o: abdominal wall;

-scopy: examination

145
Q

laparoscope- an instrument that is inserted into the peritoneal cavity to inspect it

A

lapar/o: abdominal wall;

-scope: instrument used for viewing

146
Q

omphalic, umbilical- pertaining to the umbilicus

A

omphal/o umbilic/o: umbilicus;

-ic, -al: pertaining to

147
Q

omphalitis- inflammation of the umbilicus

A

omphal/o: umbilicus;

-itis: inflammation

148
Q

omphalorrhagia- umbilical hemorrhage

A

omphal/o: umbilicus;

-rrhagia: hemorrhage

149
Q

omphalorrhexis- rupture of the umbilicus

A

omphal/o: umbilicus;

-rrhexis: rupture

150
Q

cyanosis of the extremities

A

acrocyanosis

151
Q

examination of the interior of the abdomen

A

laparoscopy

152
Q

inflammation of the peritoneum

A

peritonitis

153
Q

measurement of the head

A

cephalometry

154
Q

pertaining to the abdomen and the chest

A

abdominothoracic

155
Q

pertaining to the arms and legs

A

acral

156
Q

plastic surgery of the eyelid

A

blepharoplasty

157
Q

rupture of the umbilicus

A

omphalorrhexis

158
Q

shortened term for thoracocentesis

A

thoracentesis

159
Q

surgical incision of the chest wall

A

thoracotomy

160
Q

pertaining to the head of the fetus and maternal pelvis

A

cephalopelvic

161
Q

abnormal accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity

A

ascites

162
Q

herniation of the umbilicus

A

omphalocele

163
Q

abnormal coldness of the extremities

A

acrohypothermy

164
Q

dactyl/o

A

often used in words that pertain to the fingers and toes.

165
Q

Dactylo+graphy is

A

the study of fingerprints

166
Q

Dactylospasm

A

cramping of a finger or toe.

167
Q

dactylitis is

A

Inflammation of the bones of the fingers and toes

168
Q

Chiro+pody means

A

pertaining to the hands and feet.

169
Q

chiropodist is

A

a specialist who treats corns, bunions, and other afflictions of the hands and feet.

170
Q

chirospasm is

A

Cramping of the hand, such as writer’s cramp

171
Q

Plastic surgery of the hand is

A

chiroplasty.

172
Q

An onycho+phag+ist is

A

someone who habitually bites the nails.

onych/o = nails

phag/o = eat

-ist = one who

173
Q

Onychopathy is

A

any disease of the nails

174
Q

onycho+myc+osis

A

means a disease of the nails caused by a fungus.

175
Q

Surgical removal of the nail is

A

onychectomy, which also means declawing of an animal.

medical terminology (9 decks)

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