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Psychology & Law > 5 Sexual Offenders > Flashcards

5 Sexual Offenders Flashcards

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0
Q

What is the age of consent in Canada?

A

16

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1
Q

What is sexual assault?

A

Any nonconsensual sexual act committed by a male or a female against either a male or female.

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2
Q

What are the three levels of sexual assault defined by the Criminal Code of Canada?

A
  1. Simple sexual assault
  2. Sexual assault with a weapon or causing bodily harm
  3. Aggravated sexual assault
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3
Q

What are all the different types of sexual acts?

A
  • Exhibitionism/ Voyeurism
  • Frotteurism
  • Sexual Harassment
  • Incest
  • Viewing and downloading pornography
  • Sexual activity with a minor
  • Rape
  • Abuse of a professional role to obtain sex
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4
Q

What is a voyeur?

A

Becoming sexually aroused from secretly spying on others as they disrobe or engage in sexual behaviour.

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5
Q

What is the most common illegal action relating to sexual acts?

A

Voyeuring

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6
Q

What is an exhibitionist?

A

Characterized by becoming sexually aroused upon exposing one’s genitals to a stranger. They are likely to engage in other unusual behaviours.

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7
Q

What is the second most common law-breaking sexual behaviour

A

Exhibition

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8
Q

What is a frotteur?

A

Characterized by becoming sexually aroused by touching or rubbing against a nonconsenting individual. (Can be groping)

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9
Q

What is a internet lurer?

A

Luring is the act of contacting children or adolescents online and grooming them.

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10
Q

What are the two types of internet lurers?

A
  1. Those driven to engage with the child or adolescent offline
  2. Those driven solely driven by fantasy who do not make plans
    to victimize physically.
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11
Q

What is classified as rape?

A

Sexual assault of nonconsenting victims at least 16 years of age. (Under 16 is child rape)

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12
Q

What is the maximum sentence for aggravated sexual assault?

A

Life in prisonment

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13
Q

What is the most common rooted motivation for the assault?

A
  • Power-reassurance
  • Power-assertive
  • Anger-retalitory
  • Anger-excitement
  • Oppurtunistic
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14
Q

What are the types of female sex offenders?

A
  • Teacher-lover type
  • Inter generationally predisposed
  • Male Coerced type
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15
Q

With juvenile sex offenders, what is the typical situation?

A

Young males offending against young females.

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16
Q

What are sexual murderers?

A

Includes sexual activity before, during or after.

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17
Q

What is child pornography?

A

Any visual, audio or written representation that depicts a person who is or made to appear under the age of 18.

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18
Q

What has helped the child pornography industry expand?

A

Internet.

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19
Q

What are child molesters?

A

Categorized by victim type (familial or non familial) or sexual interests (situational or preferential.)

20
Q

Child molesters are generally more interested in ______ _______ __ ___ _______?

A

Sexual aspects of the offense.

21
Q

Sex offender does not equal a _________.

A

Pedophile

22
Q

What is pedophilia?

A

Sexual preference for prepubescent children. It’s a state of being. Not an act.

23
Q

Most child molesters are not __________.

Most pedophiles are not _____ _________.

A

Pedophiles

Child Molesters

24
Q

To be diagnosed with pedophilia, a person must: (4)

A
  1. Be sexually aroused by, have intense fantasies or be involved
    in sexual behaviour of prepubescent children (13 or younger)
  2. The above, for at least 6 months.
  3. Be at least 16 years of age.
  4. Be at least five years older than the child or children they are
    attracted to.
25
Q

Why are recidivism rates underestimated? (For sexual offending)

A
  • They have committed more sex crimes than which they were

arrested for.

26
Q

Sexual offenders are treated differently because they are believed to be more likely to reoffend, what are they required to do upon release from prison?

A
  • Register with state officials, which notify the community of the
    location of his/her residence.
  • Prohibited from living within certain distances of schools, day
    care facilities, parks and other locations.
  • Can be involuntarily committed to a mental health facility after
    their sentence.
27
Q

In Canada, what does the national sex offender registry assist with?

A
  • Assists police services with important information that will improve
    their ability to investigate crimes of a sexual nature.
  • Not available to the public
28
Q

What is the role of the crown prosecutor in sexual offense cases?

A
  • Can apply for a registration order (in which the offender has to
    register within 15 days.)
29
Q

What is the pros about registration of sexual offenders?

A
  • Public can better supervise children and assist law enforcement.
  • Prevent sex offenders from lurking / decrease unplanned
    temptations.
30
Q

What does the Supreme Court make clear about the Sexually Violent Predator Act?

A

That selected individuals must have a “mental abnormality” or personality disorder that predisposes them to sexual violence which makes them oblivious to the chance of further punishment. Says that they can’t control their behaviour.

31
Q

What are some traits that may predispose an individual to commit a sexual offense?

A
  • Cognitive distortions
  • Deficits in empathy
  • Antisocial attitudes
  • Have experienced abuse themselves
  • Brain abnormalities
32
Q

What are some views by the public about sexual offenders? (Regarding treatment)

A
  • That it’s a waste of time.
  • How can you treat someone who gets sexual pleasure from
    children or violence.
  • Society doesn’t want to provide money to fund such programs, so
    they recieve little treatment.
  • Politicians are afraid to support treatment programs because it
    makes them look soft on crime.
33
Q

With treatment, every case is different. What are some examples? Some offenses are…

A
  • oppurtunistic
  • drug-related
  • developmental (MR)
34
Q

What does treatment evolve around and directed towards?

A
  • Sexually addictive traits
  • Compulsivity
  • Offending disorders
35
Q

What are the types of treatment for sexual offenders?

A
  • Relapse Prevention
  • Cognitive Behavioural Therapy
  • Behavioural Therapies
  • Chemical Castration
  • Medication
  • Good lives model
36
Q

What is relapse prevention?

A
  • Most common treatment
  • Model adapted from substance abuse literature
  • Focus on internal factors (anger, depression, etc.) and external
    factors (access to children, internet connection) that increases
    an offenders chances to reoffend.
37
Q

What is the cognitive method?

A
  • Trying to change their view on their sex life
  • How to interact with other people
  • Learning new ways to function in society
  • Learn to recognize signs of victimization and reroute those
    feelings.
38
Q

What is the behaviour modification?

A
  • Addresses behaviours associated with the offence and uses
    conditioning exercises to change that.
  • Try to replace the preference with a more socially acceptable
    sexual behaviour.
  • This is proven to be minimally effective.
39
Q

What is chemotherapy? (as a treatment)

A
  • Anti-androgenic hormones have been shown to have a
    moderating effect on sexual aggression and enhance self
    regulation.
  • This is only partially effective as sexual drive is in the mind, not
    the body.
40
Q

How can medication can be used in treatment?

A
  • Used to reduce testosterone
  • Goal is suppress deviant sexual urges / fantasies
  • Medication only works while the drug is being taken
41
Q

What is the good lives model in treatment?

A
  • Give the offenders tools to properly reach the goals of a good life
    which means they have no incentive to reoffend.
42
Q

What are the issues with outpatient treatment for sexual offenders?

A
  • Sex offenses are just one aspect of many antisocial behaviours
  • Sex offending is secondary to serious mental illness / retardation
  • Offender will not acknowledge the inappropriate behaviour
43
Q

What are the hopes of treatment outcomes?

A
  • Realize their desires are unacceptable
  • Admit they have a problem / accept responsiblity
  • Know that they must gain control
  • Become open with family
44
Q

What are the reoffending rates for nonviolent offenses?

A

60%

45
Q

What are the reoffending rates for violent offenses?

A

28%

46
Q

What are the reoffending rates for sexual offenses?

A

12%

47
Q

Overall, what is the reoffending rate for any offense?

A

53%

48
Q

What are the factors that elevate an offenders risk to reoffend?

A
  • Deviant sexual interests
  • Antisocial orientation
  • Intimacy deficits
  • Negative family background
  • Internalization of psychological problems

Psychology & Law (10 decks)

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