5. Radiation Protection Flashcards
what are the 2 types of personal dosimeters badges and what must be done before the dose can be read
what kind of dose do they measure
thermolumiscent or film types
requires processing to reveal cumulative dose received
what are the 4 types of personal dosimeters
film badge
pocket ionizing chambers
thermoluminescent dosimeters
optically simulated luminescence
how do film badges work and what change do they undergo when its exposed to radiation
what is it measured with and what can be used to identify energy range
radiation darkens the developed x-ray film
amount of darkening increases with absorbed dose
measured with a densitometer
filters used to identify energy range
what is the crystal in thermiluminescent dosimeters
how does it work and what causes it to luminescence
amount of radiation dose is proportional to what
lithium fluoride crystal
traps and stores energy from ionising radiation
will luminescence if heated
measure intensity of light emitted and amount of light is proportional to radiation dose
what is the crystal in optically stimulated luminesce dosimeters
how does it work and what causes it to luminescence
amount of radiation dose is proportional to what
aluminum oxide crystal
traps and stores energy from ionising radiation
will luminescence if illuminated
measure intensity of light emitted and amount of light is proportional to radiation dose
what is the difference between what causes the luminescence for TLD and OSL dosimeters
TLD will luminescence if heated
OSL will luminescence if illuminated
how does the pocket ionisation chamber work as a dosimeter
what is the absorbed dose proportional to
is processing required
can it be reused and reset
radiation incident on chamber produces ionisation
voltage difference is produced as gas is ionised
voltage is directly proportional to the absorbed dose
dose is read directly from dosimeter, no processing required
yes can be reset and reused
what 2 types of radiation does a pocket ionisation chamber dosimeter measure
gamma
x-ray
what 3 types of radiation does a film badge dosimeter measure
beta
gamma
x-ray
what 3 types of radiation does a TLD measure
beta
gamma
x-ray
what 3 types of radiation does a OSLmeasure
beta
gamma
x-ray
what are 2 advantages to using a pocket ionisation chamber dosimeter
immediate reading
reasonably accurate
what are 4 advantages to using a film badge chamber dosimeter
permanent legal record
most common
cheap
can re-read
what are 2 advantages to using a TLD dosimeter
more accurate than film
durable, resistant to humidity
what are 3 advantages to using a OSL dosimeter
more accurate than film
durable resistant to heat and humidity
can be re-read
what are 5 disadvantages to using a pocket ionisation chamber dosimeter
no permanent legal record
reading can be lost
must be read each day
false readout if jarred/dropped
expensive
what are 3 disadvantages to using a film badge dosimeter
must be measured
affected by heat and humidity
accuracy limited
what are 4 disadvantages to using a TLD dosimeter
no permanent/legal record
must be measured
cant reread
more expensive than film
what are 3 disadvantages to using a OSL dosimeter
no permanent/legal record
must be measured
more expensive than film
the effective dose must be well below what limits over how long
well below 20mSv per year averaged over 5 consecutive years or a max of 50mSv in any single year
what kind of dose is especially a problem and why
cumulative dose is a problem as the more radiation exposed to overtime = more mutations likely to occur
what are the 3 components to ALARA
shielding
distance
time
what is the equation for X-ray attenuation
I = Io e^(-ux)
I = radiation intensity after shielding Io = radiation intensity before shielding u = linear attenuation coefficient x= thickness of shielding material (cm)
what is the linear attenuation coefficient
the constant that describes the fraction of x-ray photons that are absorbed or scattered per unit thickness of a material