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Cancer Cell Biology > 5 - Radiation Carcinogenesis > Flashcards

5 - Radiation Carcinogenesis Flashcards

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1
Q

What are 2 forms of radiation?

A

electromagentic and particle

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2
Q

What is electromagnetic radiation?

A

waves and photons (ie: UV and x-rays)

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3
Q

What is particle radiation?

A

particles and sub-particles that makeup atoms that can fly out

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4
Q

Where do we get most of radiation exposure? Why?

A

radon = breaks down most radiation exposure and can go into our bodies via veggies and other food

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5
Q

What is radon? Where is it commonly found in?

A

an element, abundantly found in soil

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6
Q

What damage do x-rays have on DNA?

A

breaks DNA

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7
Q

Why are short wavelengths more dangerous than long wavelengths of light?

A

get more of them per second

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8
Q

What is the relationship of frequency with ionizing radiation?

A

as frequency and wavelength increase = increase in energy to push electrons out of orbitals

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9
Q

What is indirect action of ionizing radiation?

A

flying electron = free radical &raquo_space;> grabs onto DNA electron = bond broken

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10
Q

What is direct action of ionizing radiation?

A

when the electron hits DNA directly

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11
Q

What are the proteins that sit on DNA?

A

histones | transcription factors | polymerases | repair enzymes

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12
Q

What disease does mutations in NER cause?

A

xeroderma pigmentosum

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13
Q

How cancerous are x-rays?

A

repair enzymes will effectively deal with them if minimally exposed

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14
Q

What are beta particles?

A

high-velocity electrons | by-product of radioactive decay of radioactive substances

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15
Q

What are alpha particles?

A

helium ions (+2 charge) | by-product of radioactive decay of radioactive substances

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16
Q

What are protons and neutrons?

A

sub-atomic particles making up the nuclei of atoms

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17
Q

What is radioactive decay?

A

when large atoms decay

18
Q

When large atoms undergo radioactive decay, what happens to the neutrons in the nuclei?

A

convert straight to energy (how bomb works) OR will fly out and become alpha particle

19
Q

What does LET stand for and what does it mean?

A

linear energy transfer | how much energy is transferred into environment

20
Q

Which is worse and why: high LET or low LET?

A

low LET because it is losing a lot of energy as it travels = where is that energy going in our cells? | high LET = doesn’t leave much radiation behind

21
Q

What is an example of low LET?

A

alpha particles and neutrons

22
Q

What is an example of high LET?

A

gamma rays

23
Q

What does “dose” mean?

A

how much dose is someone exposed to

24
Q

What are the 2 common radiation units used?

A

GRAY and Sieverts

25
Q

What is GRAY?

A

AMOUNT of radiation the tissue is absorbing

26
Q

What is Sieverts (Sv)?

A

what is the biological IMPACT (scale) the amount of radiation tissue is absorbing

27
Q

Which atoms are unstable?

A

those with large nuclei

28
Q

Which atom has the largest nuclei but is stable?

A

uranium

29
Q

Why is uranium important in terms of powerplants and bombs?

A

stable enough to handle and unstable enough to split easily (fission)

30
Q

What is fission?

A

splitting of an atom

31
Q

When firing a neutron at the Uranium atom results in splitting the atom, why is it the resulting pieces don’t add up to the whole?

A

some of the neutrons were converted to energy

32
Q

What is a chain reaction in atom fission?

A

split of one atom = flying particles that will hit neighboring atoms = split those = cycle continues

33
Q

How fast is the atom fission chain reaction?

A

logarithmic reaction = miliseconds

34
Q

What are the buffers used to buffer neutrons?

A

uranium rods | water

35
Q

What is radiation-induced cancer?

A

cancer due to radiation exposure (ie: bombs)

36
Q

Why is getting hit with one big super hard dose of radiation better than a constant lower dose?

A

cells will get hit hard with the radiation = most likely will die

37
Q

How long do adult stem cells stay with you?

A

many decades (more than 40)

38
Q

What is instability in terms of radiation-induced cancer?

A

cells can get hit by radiation but genomic instability can be delayed due to not every type of mutation is equal

39
Q

What dictates genomic instability?

A

rate of damage and rate of mutation

40
Q

What are the 5 variables that dictate the risk for radiation-induced cancer?

A

Time (after exposure) | Age (at time of exposure) | Dose | Dose rate for low LET radiation | Quality of radiation (LET)

41
Q

If you’re a cell that will be hit with radiation, when in the cell cycle would you rather get hit if not in G0? (G1, G2, S-phase, or M-phase) Why?

A

G2 | DNA repair mechanisms are at full speed ; only 1 sister chromatid will be involved

Cancer Cell Biology (17 decks)

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