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Child Health Week 1 2017/18 > 5: Normal development > Flashcards

5: Normal development Flashcards

1
Q

What are three factors which influence a child’s growth and development?

A

Genetics

Nutrition

Environment

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2
Q

What factor determines your potential to develop?

What factors actually “cause” development?

A

Genetics

Nutrition & Environment

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3
Q

What dietary problem can stunt a child’s growth and development?

A

Malnutrition

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4
Q

When can the environment affect a child’s growth and development?

A

Both before and after birth:

Smoking, alcohol and drugs

Diet; obesity

Lots of screen time may overstimulate

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5
Q

What is a developmental milestone?

A

Age when a new skill is developed

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6
Q

Are development milestones definitive?

A

No, vary between children

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7
Q

What is the median age?

A

Age by which 50% of the population should have acquired a skill

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8
Q

What is the limit age?

A

Age by which a skill has been acquired by 97.5% of children

(2 standard deviations)

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9
Q

What are the median and limit ages for walking?

A

Median age = 12 months

Limit age = 18 months

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10
Q

What are some normal variations of crawling?

A

Bottom-scraping

Commando crawl

Rolling

Torpedo crawling

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11
Q

If a child is born prematurely, how does this affect their expected developmental milestones?

A

If 3 months premature for example, normal milestones will be 3 months earlier - ADJUSTED AGE

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12
Q

Development is a ___ process.

A

continuous

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13
Q

Development is dependent on the maturation of what?

A

Nervous system

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14
Q

In which vertical direction does nervous system maturation occur?

Does it occur from medial to lateral or the other way round?

A

Cephalocaudal

i.e from head to toe

and laterally

so trunk THEN limbs

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15
Q

What are the four areas of development?

A

Gross motor

Fine motor and vision

Language and hearing

Social behaviour and play

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16
Q

Which area of development is most focused in the first year of life?

A

Gross motor

17
Q

At which median age should a baby be smiling socially?

What is the limit age?

A

6 weeks

8 weeks

Narrow window as a lack of smiling indicates cognitive problems

18
Q

What are important gross motor milestones that you should probably know?

A

Head control - 3 months

Sitting properly - 6 months

Crawling - 9 months (child may be cruising as well)

Walking - 12 months (limit age is 18 months)

Running - 18 months

Stairs (one at a time / alternating) - 24 / 36 months

Hopping - 48 months

19
Q

At what age should a child be talking?

A

18 months

(same time as running)

20
Q

What are some primitive reflexes which must be lost before motor development can occur?

A

Sucking and rooting

Palmar and plantar grasp

ATNR (Fencing reflex)

Moro reflex

Stepping and planting reflexes

21
Q

What do the sucking and rooting reflexes aid?

A

Breastfeeding

22
Q

What reflexes involve the hands and feet and are lost in infants at around 6 weeks?

A

Palmar and plantar reflexes

23
Q

What is ATNR?

A

Asymmetrical tonic neck reflex

Fencing reflex

When baby’s head rolls to side (e.g on an unstable surface), limbs on that side extend and flex on the opposite side

24
Q

What is the Moro reflex?

A

When baby’s head tilts back (as if they’re falling), upper limbs ABDUCT and then ADDUCT (making a grabbing motion in front of them)

25
Q

What do babies tend to do with objects?

A

Try to eat them

26
Q

Which area of development is most closely linked with cognitive development?

A

Language and hearing

27
Q

At which age should children be able to regard their own hands in the midline?

A

3 months

28
Q

What is the general progression of fine motor skills?

A

Regard of own hands

Grasping

Building towers

Drawing

29
Q

At which age may children be speaking words?

A

18 months

(Limit age for walking and median age for running)

30
Q

Failure to reach which social and play development milestone is a strong indicator of a cognitive disorder or learning difficulty?

A

Smile (6 weeks)

31
Q

When should children be able to smile socially?

A

Median age is 6 weeks

Limit age is 8 weeks

32
Q

As infants age, they become more (friendly / anxious) around strangers.

Why?

A

more anxious

Thought to be protective - ‘stranger danger’

Child Health Week 1 2017/18 (14 decks)

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