5 Non-infectious Disease- Cancer Flashcards
Q: What is the concept of epidemiological transition?
A: phase of development witnessed by a sudden and stark increase in population growth rates brought by medical innovation in disease or sickness therapy and treatment, followed by a re-leveling of population growth from subsequent declines in fertility rates.
Decline in total mortality and a significant reduction in infectious diseases and deficiency diseases,
This increases the relative role of chronic non-communicable diseases
“Epidemiological transition” accounts for the replacement of infectious diseases by chronic (non-communicable) diseases over time due to expanded public health and sanitation
Q: Give 4 examples of chronic non-communicable diseases.
A: cancers, cardiovascular and chronic respiratory disease, and diabetes
Q: What is the rise in cases of chronic conditions due to?
A: ageing population i.e. people are living long enough to get these diseases.
may also be due to lifestyle factors
Q: Health and disease patterns evolve in diverse ways due to which factors? (6)
A: demographic, socioeconomic, technological, cultural, environmental and biological changes.
Q: Provide an example of the emergence of new infectious disease?
A: AIDS
A: Provide 2 examples of the emergence of previously controlled infections.
A: Tuberculosis and Dengue Fever
Q: Provide 3 example of transition.
A: – The decline in stomach cancer
– The rise and fall of lung cancer
– The shift from stroke to heart disease
Q: What are the 2 main factors that affect changes in disease?
A: DEMOGRAPHY AND EPIDIOMIOLOGY
Q: What is demographic transition?
A: From high birth and death rates to low birth rates and death rates
Q: What is epidemiological transition?
A: Infectious diseases are replaced by degenerative and man- made diseases
Q: In many countries, cancer is the cause of what proportion of deaths?
A: more than a quarter
Q: Where is the burden of cancer shifting to?
A: less developed countries
Q: What are the 3 most common causes of cancer death?
A: Lung , liver, and stomach cancers.
Q: Cancer rates in migrants tend to converge towards what? Points to?
A: local cancer rates over time
pointing to a role for modifiable risk factors
Q: At least a third of all cancers may be preventable through?
A: number of lifestyle and environmental approaches- additional burden due to infections
Q: What is the largest preventable cause of cancer in the world?
A: Smoking
Q: Age-specific cancer incidence and mortality rates have fallen for some cancers, while other cancers have become more common. What does this reflect? (4)
A: changes in relevant exposures, diagnosis, treatment, and screening
Q: Cancer can take 20 years to appear. What does this mean? Give 2 examples.
current cancer rates are affected by changes and exposures that took place in the past.
– Rates of smoking-related cancers in women will continue to increase in most countries
– The number of cases attributable to asbestos exposure will also continue to increase
Q: What 2 factors may become more important contributors to cancer rates than infections in some countries.
A: smoking and being overweight
Q: Name 4 major carcinogens.
A: Tobacco
Alcohol
Air pollution
Occupational agents
Q: What are the 3 main classifications of disease/injury?
A: • Communicable
• Non-communicable
• Injuries
List preventable cancer risk factors. (7)
A: o Smoking (equal in both high and low-income countries)
o Alcohol
o Unsafe sex (mainly for genitalia affected cancers)
o Obesity
o Contaminated injections
o Air pollutants
o Smoke from fuel like coal
Q: In low income, what is the most prevalent cancer mortality? Lowest incidence and why?
A: Cervical and breast cancer
Colorectum cancer- most likely due to high meat diets in middle and high income countries that low income countries cannot afford
Q: In middle income, what is the most prevalent cancer? Highest mortality?
A: breast cancer may be most prevalent, even being greater than Lung
The mortality however, is highest for lungs, with breast having the 4th highest mortality
