5 Historical development of garden design styles Flashcards
Plants in medieval gardens
Fruit and nut trees i(almond, apple, cherry, fig, hazelnut, medlar, mulberry, pear, plum, quince, sorbus and walnut)
Root vegetables ,peas and beans
Roses, herbs for medicines like (Laurus nobilis), sweet myrtle (Myrtus communis), rosemary, sage, thyme and winter savory, Fennel
Garden design styles
Medieval,
Moorish,
Renaissance (Italian, French and Dutch),
English Landscape,
Victorian,
Modernist,
Japanese.
Edwardian
contemporary (that is today)
Influences on garden designs
* Climate
• Military action
• Religion
• People
Moorish garden style, key characteristics
- C 8-15th
- Introspective courtyard style
- Sensory delight: taste, smell, hearing, touch, sight
- water for irrigation, sound
- shade for coolness + shelter
- flowers for fragrance and colour
- music to delight the ear
Alhambra and alcazar gardens
dates, pomegranates
Medieval garden characteristics
12-15th
Gardens enclosed with wattle fences or quickthorn hedges
Trellis walkways and arbours providing shade and privacy
Raised beds to prevent plants becoming waterlogged
Grass treated as a flowery mead planted with low growing wild flowers
Turf seats usually built against a wall with flowers planted in the grass
Physic gardens with regimented beds of medicinal herbs
Orchards providing apples for the kitchen and for making cider
Fish ponds and stew ponds (where fish were purged of muddy water before cooking) to ensure a regular supply of protein during the many fast days of the Christian calendar
Dovecotes to provide pigeons for the kitchen, feathers for cushions and dung for fertilizing the garden
Pleasances, or ornamental parks for recreation, relaxation and sport
Italian Renaissance
- 15-16th C
- use of massive fountains and the tech then was new
- thus often with flowing water, being close to springs
- staircases
- often on hills, slopes with dramatic views over river, valleys, lakes
- statues, lots of them
- usually not enclosed, big villas
Villa d’Este
woodlands, Orchards, herbs, flowers
French Renaissance
- Strong main axis
- cross axes
- acute angles
- ornate statuary
- fountains
- rigid symmetry
- canals
- magnificent views
- cascades and features at the end of every vista
Versailles, built by Louis XIV and Andre Le Notre
Vaux Le Vicomte by Fouquet
Dutch Renaissance
- 1600 onwards after Spanish left
- on flat lands
- often outside city walls
- mazes and parterres de broderie
- often vegetable gardens
- separated by canals
- rectangular pattern, separated into square and rectangular areas
- bulbs
Botanical Garden of Leiden, Het Buiten Hof
bulbs, sunflowers, African marigolds, tobacco plants, poppies, carnations
Modernist Garden style
- Simplicity, less is more principle
- form follows function, avoidance of fussy ornamentation
- clearly defined geometric shapes
- garden as an outdoor living space
- division of space using vertical elements
Water, geometric, asymmetry, crisp + clean, planting in one part. large horizontal landscaping – stone, wood, concrete, cement, plastic.
1920-60ties, Kadinsky etc….
Frank Lloyd Wright
Victorian
- Formality
- bedding with bright and intricate designs
- enthusiasm for Chinese and Japanese elements
- display of plants which got introduced from abroad
- fashion for melodrama and gothic revival
- use of cast iron as building material as well as glass (greenhouses, gates)
- greenhouses been poular…led to spring and summer bedding
19th century
Sir Joseph Paxton, Queen Victoria and Prince Albert
Waddesdon Manor, Kew Gardens
New plants arrived from South Africa and Mexico (pelargoniums, heliotropes, salvias, lobelias and cannas).
English Landscape
.imitating nature, not artificial anymore
Use of the ha-ha to link garden to the countryside.
2. Use of architecture and strategically placed statues.
3. Variety of scenery.
4. Use of light and shade.
5. Use of vistas and focal points.
6. Serpentine paths.
7. Use of water in a more natural form than hitherto accepted, but
cascades and fountains permitted to give feeling to the atmosphere of
the place.
8. Use of water informally in streams, rivers and lake
landscape should run right up to the walls of the house, which would usually be set on high ground to enjoy the best views
four basic principles of Repton
- Display natural beauties and hide defects.
- Impression of freedom –hide the boundary.
- The use of ‘Art’ in design must be concealed.
- Objects of convenience which cannot be made ornamental, should be Removed
18th century, Lancelot Brown, william Kent, Humphrey Repton
Japanese
- major design aestheticis a simple, minimalist natural setting designed to inspire reflection and meditation.
- designed to be enjoyed not only as views to contemplate but as microcosms to explore
- little pavilions or rooms built for the chanoyu (tea ceremony)
- Japanese gardens are characterized by: the waterfall, of which there are ten or more different arrangements;
- the spring and stream to which it gives rise;
- the lake;
- hills, built up from earth excavated from the basin for the lake;
- islands; bridges of many varieties;
- the natural guardian stones. The selection and effective distribution of the stones are a prime consideration in garden design.
flowers are few and evergreens popular. Simplicity, restraint, and consistency are sought rather than gaiety, showiness, or the obvious variations of the seasons. Evergreen foliage is preferred to the changing aspect of deciduous trees, although maples and a few others are used.
factors that influence the design of domestic gardens in the UK Today
- Historical style
- foreign travel
- TV/Media
- horticultural shows and show gardens
- environmental awereness / climate change discussions
- modern technology
- materials & equipment available
- Outdoor living space
- Change in values
Edwardian
at turn of the 20th century
- rural idylls crafted around the house, with natural materials, formal design and ebullient planting
- emphasising the importance of the partnership between architect and gardener.
- included traditional craftsmanship in the detail of stonework, and used vernacular, natural materials for the construction of drystone walls, stone-flagged terraces and paths, semi-circular steps and sunken plats.
- rock gardens leading to woodland glades, and wild areas with rustic paths and water gardens
- Stained glass and motifs from nature, such as flowers
- Formal pools, fountains, rills, hand-built gazebos and summerhouses and wisteria-clad rustic pergolas
- peonies, irises, Alchemilla mollis, lavender, catmint, delphiniums, edgings of bergenia, stachys, erigeron, foxgloves and nicotiana.
Gertrude Jekyll, and herEdwin Lutyens
Iford manor, Hidcote, Deanery Garden at Sonning
Contemporary garden style
Grasses, sunken LED lighting, simple, bold, architectural planting, repetition of plants, hard landscaping innovative and central to design, natural looking materials eg distressed metals, stone, sustainable materials.
