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Mech 2 > 5 Haemostasis + thrombosis > Flashcards

5 Haemostasis + thrombosis Flashcards

1
Q

what is the role of vessel wall in haemostasis?

A

To constrict and reduce blood loss

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2
Q

Wha is the role of platelets in haemostasis?

A

To adhere together and form platelet plug

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3
Q

What is the role of coagulation system in haemostasis?

A

to activate the clotting cascade/ and convert inactive proteins to activated form: prothrombin –> thrombin, fibrinogen –> fibrin

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4
Q

What is fibrinolysis and describe the process

A

Breakdown of fibrin (mesh0, Plasminogen converted to plasmin (breaks down mesh) by streptokinase + t-PA

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5
Q

Which factors control coagulation?

A 
Thrombin inhibitors:
1. anti-thrombin III
2. alpha 1 anti-trypsin
3. alpha 2 macroglobulin
4. proteins C + S
deficiency of 1 and 4 leads to thrombosis
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6
Q

Name 4 anti-thombin produced by the endothelium

A
  1. Plasminogen activator (breaks down fibrin mesh)
  2. Prostacyclin
  3. thombomodulin
  4. nitric oxide
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7
Q

What is thrombosis?

A

the formation of a solid mass of blood in the circulatory system DURING LIFE

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8
Q

Name 3 predisposing abnormalities of thrombosis

A
  1. Vessel Wall
  2. Blood flow
  3. blood components
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9
Q

What abnormalities of vessel wall can cause thrombosis?

A

Atheroma (fatty deposits, narrowing lumen), direct injury and inflammation (vasculitis)

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10
Q

What abnormalities of blood flow can lead to thrombosis?

A

Stagnation (stationary flow), turbulence (high resistance)

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11
Q

What abnormal blood components can predispose thrombosis?

A

smokers (thicker blood, coagulate easier), post- partum (giving birth, need to clot easier), post-operation

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12
Q

What are the 5 outcomes of thrombosis?

A

Resolution, propagation, organisation, recanalisation, embolism

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13
Q

What is resolution?

A

Thrombus dissolves (usually v small)

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14
Q

What is propagation?

A

Thrombus spread + grow in direction of travel e.g. arteries (distal), veins (proximal)

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15
Q

What is organisation?

A

ingrowth of fibroblast

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16
Q

What is recanalisation?

A

Small holes created in thrombus to allow blood through, thrombus is still lodging in vessel

17
Q

What is embolism?

A

lodging of blood clot blocking blood vessel at site away from origin, by solid / liquid / gas

18
Q

What is Virchow’s triad?

A

3 actors contributing to thrombosis: hypercoagulability (clots easily), hemodynamic changes (abnormal blood flow), endothelial injury / disfunction (vessel wall injury)

19
Q

Name some effects of thrombosis

A

ischaemia + infarction, in veins can cause oedema and congestion

20
Q

What is embolism?

A

Blockage of blood vessel by solid/ liquid/ gas at site away from origin

21
Q

What is pulmonary embolism?

A

Embolism in veins going to lungs

22
Q

Name some examples of venous + arterial embolism?

A

heart –> artoa –> other arteries
arteromatous carotid arteries –> brain
artheromatous abdominal aorta –> arteries in the legs

23
Q

What is deep vein thrombosis?

A

Blood clot in deep veins, commonly in legs

24
Q

What are predisposing factors of deep vein thrombosis?

A

immobility (e.g. bed-bound), post-op, post-partum, oral contraceptives, severe burns, cardiac failure, disseminated cancer
also in long journeys where legs are compressed

25
Q

What would be used in prevention of thromboembolic disease?

A

prophylaxis

26
Q

what would be used to treat thromboembolic disease?

A

IV heparin + oral warfarin

27
Q

What are other types of embolisms that can occur? (apart from deep vein and venous + arterial)

A

air, amniotic fluid, fat, medical equipment, tumour cells

28
Q

Name the 3 types of haemophilia and the defects they are linked to

A

haemophilia A - factor 8 deficiency
haemophilia B - factor 9 deficiency
haemophilia C - factor 11 deficiency
all part of intrinsic pathway, leading to blood clots not formed as readily and easy bruise

29
Q

What is disseminated intravascular coagulation?

A

Widespread activation of clotting cascade leading blood clot in small vessels

30
Q

What is thrombocytopenia?

A

Deficiency of platelets, can’t clot as platelet plug can be form, easily bruises

31
Q

What is thrombophilia?

A

Blood clots easily, can increase chances of DVT and or PE

32
Q

Name some symptoms of pulmonary embolism

A

shortness of breathe, small peripheral arteries blocked, if recurrent leads to pulmonary hypertension

33
Q

what is haemostasis?

A

body’s response to damaged blood vessels’ forms blood clot to stop bleeding

Mech 2 (2 decks)

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